Preface
Page: ii-ii (1)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010002
Weeds – Introduction, Concept, Characteristics and Importance in Agriculture
Page: 1-7 (7)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010003
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In the initial phases of life on Earth, the prevalence of undesirable plants was
not extensive. Humans developed the practice of differentiating between weeds and
crops based on economic activities. It has been suggested that there are close to 30,000
species that can be classified as weeds. These have co-evolved with crops and are
deemed undesirable because of their capacity to outcompete cultivated plants that are
intended for food and fiber production. It is widely accepted that all primary cultivated
plants have originated from wild weeds. Several plant species that were previously
utilized for ornamental, therapeutic, or feed purposes are currently classified as weeds.
The crop ecosystem has undergone significant changes due to the use of high levels of
fertilizers, intensive cropping practices, and modifications in cropping patterns. Weeds
possess specific characteristics that enable them to thrive and persist in environments
where many cultivated plants would ultimately perish. The existence of weeds may
have multiple effects on human existence. Apart from their economic implications,
these cause hay fever in humans and can also exhibit toxicity in livestock and wildlife.
The impact of weeds on crop productivity varies based on certain factors such as type
of weed species, density of weeds, duration of weed competition, and method of
cultivation.
Survey, Collection, Preservation and Identification of Weeds
Page: 8-22 (15)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010004
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
A weed survey provides valuable insights into the prevalence of various
weed species, the interplay between weeds and crops, and the dynamic patterns of these
associations in field conditions. A roving survey is implemented within a vast
geographical region that includes either a single district or multiple districts. A weed
survey with identical objectives to the roving survey can be conducted on a farm.
Periodic evaluation of the weed control treatments is necessary to assess their impact
on both the crop and weed populations. Visual estimation is a technique employed to
quickly gather data when dealing with a substantial number of plots and plant species
while facing resource constraints. The European Weed Research Council (EWRC) has
developed a rating system to assess the efficacy of weed control. Weed assessments
should be conducted during the initial stages of crop growth when weed competition is
at its peak and weeds are in their early and manageable stages for counting. The
collection and preservation of weed specimens are essential for future reference and
study, as not all weed species are readily accessible at all times and locations. An
herbarium is a collection of dried, pressed, and preserved plants, including weeds,
organized according to an accepted classification system such as Bentham & Hooker or
Hutchinson. In addition to this, accurate identification of weed plants is a fundamental
requirement for the development of efficient management strategies.
Parasitic Weeds and their Management
Page: 23-32 (10)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010005
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Parasitic flowering plants deprive the host plants of water, nutrients, and
assimilates. Data also suggests that parasites transmit inhibitory compounds to hosts.
Several species of the genera Striga and Orobanche (root parasites), as well as some
species of Cuscuta and Loranthus (stem parasites), are widely distributed worldwide
and cause substantial damage to economically important plants. The chapter elucidates
the optimal strategies for addressing the issues of parasite infestations by incorporating
a range of well-established methodologies. The effective management of parasitic
weeds can be achieved through the implementation of various strategies. These include
the cultivation of crop varieties that exhibit resistance or low susceptibility to the
parasites, utilizing non-host crops as trap crops, employing pre-emergent and postemergent herbicides in combination with bio-herbicides, and manually removing the
parasites.
Ecology and Biology of Weeds
Page: 33-39 (7)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010006
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The field of weed ecology involves the examination of growth
characteristics, adaptive traits, and survival mechanisms of weeds that allow them to
effectively utilize environmental resources and successfully establish themselves in
new habitats. The analysis of the ecological and biological characteristics of weeds
enhances our understanding of the relationships between weeds and crops, as well as
the factors contributing to their widespread establishment and management strategies.
Climate, soil conditions, and biotic factors affect their geographic distribution,
abundance, competitive abilities, behavioral tendencies, and survival. Despite the
challenges posed by environmental factors and human interventions, weeds have a
remarkable capacity to flourish and persist across many ecosystems. Several reasons
may contribute to this phenomenon, including seed production in vast quantities,
variable seed dormancy and longevity, propagation through vegetative organs, and
mimicking the appearance of the crop.
An Integrated Approach to the Control of Weeds in Rice Fields
Page: 40-51 (12)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010007
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Rice is farmed as a dry-seeded upland, low-land, puddle-seeded,
transplanted, and deep-water paddy crop. More than 350 weed species from 150 genera
and 60 plant families have been recorded. The chapter provides a comprehensive
overview of the botanical characteristics and ecological impact of the various species
of plants commonly referred to as weeds (grasses, sedges, broad leaf, ferns, and algal
weeds) that are found in rice fields. It also elucidates the diverse methodologies
employed in the management of weeds, encompassing preventive measures, cultural
practices, mechanical techniques, and biological and chemical interventions. The
prudent integration of these methodologies is imperative for achieving cost-efficient
and environmentally viable weed control in rice cultivation.
An Integrated Approach to the Control of Weeds in Wheat Crop
Page: 52-61 (10)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010008
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Wheat holds significant agricultural importance as it is extensively
cultivated across diverse climatic conditions and soil types. The transition from
cultivating tall varieties to dwarf and semi-dwarf (specifically Mexican wheat) varieties
has exacerbated the issue of weeds in significant wheat cultivation regions. Both grassy
and broadleaved weeds are commonly found in this agricultural crop. The detrimental
effects of weeds are most pronounced when they are permitted to compete with wheat
crops during the initial 45 days. The implementation of weed management strategies
encompasses both preventive measures and effective management practices. These
may include the use of uncontaminated agricultural seeds sourced only from accredited
state and national organizations, enhancement of crop vigor, altering the crop sequence,
application of phosphoric fertilizers in the absence of nitrogen, and rotation strategy for
herbicides.
An Integrated Approach to Weed Control in Sorghum and Pearl Millet
Page: 62-70 (9)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010009
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Sorghum and pearl millet are prominent cereal crops extensively cultivated
in India. These plant species are intentionally cultivated by agriculturalists with
constrained financial means who reside in arid and semi-arid geographical areas. The
presence of weeds significantly hinders the successful cultivation of these crops. The
unregulated growth of undesirable plant species has been empirically documented to
have a substantial negative impact on the agricultural output of sorghum and pearl
millet, potentially resulting in a decline of approximately 30-40%. Therefore, this
chapter elucidates the amalgamated approaches for weed management in the
cultivation of sorghum and pearl millet, encompassing cultural, cropping, and chemical
methods that are both economically viable and readily implementable for farmers
residing in arid and semi-arid regions.
Integrated Weed Management in Maize
Page: 71-77 (7)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010010
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Maize exhibits a high susceptibility to adverse effects caused by weed
competition. Research conducted on crop loss has revealed the existence of a crucial
time frame window commencing approximately fourteen days post-planting and
persisting for a duration of approximately six weeks. It is imperative to eradicate weeds
within this specific timeframe to maximize crop yield. The existence of both annual
and perennial weeds presents a substantial obstacle in the cultivation of maize. Certain
weed species have the potential to result in complete crop failure, with the severity of
infestation varying across different geographical regions. Optimal land preparation
techniques are crucial for achieving a seedbed that is devoid of weeds during the
sowing process. Additionally, the practice of deep ploughing can effectively manage
rhizomatous perennial weeds. The development of high-yield cultivars is crucial for
enhancing competitive advantage against weeds by facilitating the rapid establishment
of a dense canopy. Increased plant density results in greater shading, which
subsequently leads to the suppression of early weed growth. The application of a
balanced fertilizer promotes improved nutrient utilization by crops compared to weeds.
Integrated Weed Management in Sugarcane
Page: 78-85 (8)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010011
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Sugarcane has considerable economic importance as a cash crop in India.
Nevertheless, the yield of sugarcane cultivation in India is somewhat lower in
comparison to other nations. The presence of weed infestation is a significant obstacle
to the improvement of sugarcane farming in the majority of sugarcane-growing regions
within the country. The issue of weed proliferation is intensified by the overutilization
of fertilizers, increased plant spacing, frequent irrigation, and the prolonged duration
needed for complete seedling germination. Therefore, the implementation of a
comprehensive weed management strategy is crucial in the cultivation of sugarcane.
This chapter entails the integration of many approaches that span the whole farming
process, beginning with field preparation and persisting until the harvest stage. The
objectives of these approaches are to facilitate the cultivation of sugarcane while
concurrently inhibiting the proliferation of weeds.
Integrated Weed Management in Cotton
Page: 86-93 (8)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010012
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Cotton is generally cultivated during the wet season. As a result, a large
number of weeds thrive in this crop. It is very susceptible to weed competition,
especially during the first 50-60 days post-planting, resulting in yield losses ranging
from 16% to 63%. Consequently, it is critical to maintain a weed-free environment
throughout this period in order to maximize crop output. The chapter highlights the
significance of integrating cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological control
methods to create a synergistic effect that reduces weed competition, enhances crop
yield, and sustains soil health.
Integrated Weed Management in Oilseeds
Page: 94-100 (7)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010013
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
In India's economy, oilseeds rank second only to cereal grains as the main
source of vegetable oils. They are grown on 24 million hectares under various
agroecological conditions, cropping techniques, and management practices. Weeds
compete with crops for light, moisture, nutrients, and space and pose significant threats
to oilseed crops, impacting yield and quality. This chapter provides a concise overview
of the primary weed species found in oilseed crops, along with their associated
reduction in crop yield and recommended methods for control. Integrated weed
management establishes a balanced agricultural ecosystem, strengthening sustainability
and productivity in oilseed cultivation.
Integrated Weed Management in Pulses
Page: 101-108 (8)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010014
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
The cultivation of pulses in India is carried out across 23 million hectares,
which encompasses a wide range of agroecological conditions, cropping techniques,
and management practices. They are planted throughout both the Kharif and Rabi
seasons. The average productivity of pulse crops in India is somewhat lower than the
productivity levels reported in several other pulse-growing countries globally. The
problem of weed infestation is a substantial hindrance to attaining the highest possible
crop output. This chapter discusses the critical period of crop-weed competition in
different pulse crops. The list of predominant weed species systematically classified
based on their seasonal occurrences, along with corresponding herbicides
recommended for their control, is also included.
Herbicides
Page: 109-120 (12)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010015
PDF Price: $15
Abstract
Herbicides are chemicals used to kill weeds or inhibit their growth.
According to the latest compilation of registered pesticides under the Insecticide Act of
1968, a total of 33 herbicides have been officially registered in India. Herbicides are
classified on the basis of their chemical composition, selectivity, mode of action, site,
and time of application. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of diverse
instances of herbicides categorized accordingly. The typical herbicide formulations
commonly found in the market include water-soluble powders, hydrophilic powder,
water-soluble concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, and granules. The application
rates of herbicides are influenced by several factors, including soil composition, weed
crop species/varieties, the growth stage of weeds, herbicide formulations, and the
duration of weed control programs. The current chapter also examines different
methodologies for efficiently managing the proliferation of undesired vegetation, such
as foliar spraying, soil application, and seed treatment.
Subject Index
Page: 121-125 (5)
Author: Rakesh Kumar*, Pardeep Kaur* and Robin*
DOI: 10.2174/9789815305098124010016
Introduction
Handbook of Integrated Weed Management for Major Field Crops provides a comprehensive guide to the identification, ecology, and management of weeds in key agricultural crops such as rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, oilseeds, pulses, and more. The book highlights an integrated approach to weed control, combining cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods. Each chapter focuses on specific crops, detailing tailored strategies for effective weed management in diverse agroecological zones. The text also explores weed biology, crop competition, and the role of environmental factors in weed proliferation. With an emphasis on sustainability and economic efficiency, this handbook is a crucial resource for students, researchers, farm managers, and agricultural professionals seeking practical and ecological weed management solutions. Key Features: - Comprehensive coverage of weed identification, biology, and ecology. - Focus on integrated weed management strategies across major field crops. - Detailed weed control approaches for specific crops. - Emphasis on sustainable and economically efficient practices. - Essential resource for students, researchers, and professionals in agriculture.