Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges

This chapter gives information on how the Internet of Things (IoT) can be utilized for the benefit of the population in rural areas. The IoT has many applications such as those for household, vigilance, sensor monitoring, actuators, intelligent displays, and vehicles. Thus, the IoT will bring unimaginable benefits and help humans lead a smart life. Smart rural development allows high yield agriculture, efficient health care, optimization of energy management, good sanitation, reduction in water wastage, and enhancement of the irrigation system using new technologies. Initially, this chapter describes technologies of IoT such as IoT Architecture, Sensors/Devices details, the configuration of Data, and coding possibilities with their Examples. This chapter also discusses how the cloud is integrated with IoT, web Services and IoT Services on the cloud, cloud Interfaces and tools for IoT, and storage of IoT data on the cloud. This chapter also discusses different case studies that can be applied for different applications in rural areas. The IoT technology thus used in various spheres of village life will enhance the development of rural areas making them financially strong, improving the quality of village life, and helping them to become smart villages.

Education in rural areas especially in government schools needs to be improved. Technology is very much limited in these rural areas. Even internet and multimedia tools usage has not penetrated in rural areas. Humanoid robot usage is a distant dream for rural children but there are some case studies where the usage of technology and robots have reaped benefits in terms of engagement. Artificial Intelligent Techniques and Data Science aid these humanoid robots to further improve the learning process. Even regional language based learning can be enabled using Humanoid Robots and Natural Language processing. This chapter will explore relevant case studies, robotic learning technology and propose a viable model to implement this successfully in rural areas for improving the engagement level of the students.

Conventional agriculture strategies do not suffice to serve the food demand for the growing population nowadays. Scientists carried out many investigations for effective agricultural outputs over the last few decades. The newly emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), deep learning, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, cognitive computing and so on are motivating the agriculture scientists to invent novel methods in farming. Researchers performed Crop wise specific studies for the benefit of the farmers, which use different technological devices like sensors, cameras, drones, etc. Automation of agricultural equipment has become crucial to provide instant results to help the farmers in decisionmaking wherever required. The article thoroughly explains the impact of automation and AI in the field of agriculture today. It also highlights the usage of prominent AI techniques nowadays and possible research directions to make use of AI to assist the farmers.

Agriculture is India's largest employer, employing more than 265 million people and accounting for about 70% of the country's rural population. Despite playing a critical role in Indian farmers' livelihoods, agricultural earnings continue to plummet at an alarming rate, owing to decreasing water reserves, massive land fragmentation, and catastrophic climate change. Drones, data-driven precision agriculture (IT, GPS, remote sensing, and GIS), intelligent sensors, the Internet of Things, robotics, automation, climate-smart resource management, advanced delivery systems, and cognitive technologies are new-age technologies used in digital Farming. This strategy is one of the most accurate ways to keep plants and make the best judgments possible. It allows farmers to conserve resources while ensuring a healthy plant, resulting in a more sustainable economy and environment. This article focuses on digital Farming and best practices for leading sustainable agriculture techniques that allow farmers to increase output while also providing consumers with safer, more nutritious, and bettergrown food.

Agriculture is the main source of income for Indian citizens with about 60% of the population depending upon agriculture which influences India’s economy. Crop selection and disease management plays a crucial role in the farmer’s economy. Smart farming systems help farmers to increase crop production through automated systems. Crop diseases can be predicted by a comprehensive analysis system. Smart farming system with Artificial Intelligence (AI) observes, and manages Internet of Things (IoT) devices to detect crop diseases by visual symptoms. Smartphone-based AI apps guide farmers for disease diagnosis, thus preventing yield loss. This system will detect plant diseases present on the leaves and provide preventive measures for the detected diseases. The plant leaf images are collected which show symptoms of diseased and healthy plants under maintained conditions to check for fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Machine and Deep Learning can help identify crop diseases based on collected images and datasets pertaining to the crops segmented into Healthy and Diseased Crop. The IoT technology implements specific systems at different levels to predict crop diseases effectively. The different data is accessed easily from the centralized cloud system. The crop diseases are managed with the use of high fungicides due to this soil toxicity increase but this activity system will provide the best recommendations for proper disease management. AI, Image processing, IoT, machine learning, robotics, satellites, cloud computing technologies are improving farmers' crop management practices.