Hormonal Imbalances and Genetic Factors in Menstrual Cycle Irregularities

The menstrual cycle refers to the hormone-related, rhythmic, repeating processes in a woman's body that are accompanied by monthly bleeding. A woman's body goes through changes during her menstrual cycle that are intended to establish the perfect conditions for the start and continuation of her pregnancy. Basic biological processes encompassing the ovary, anterior pituitary, cerebellum, and endometrial make up the menstrual cycle. Environmental factors, including stress, intense exercise, eating disorders, and obesity, can easily disturb the menstrual cycle, even with all of its complexity. Genetic issues include fragile X permutations, X chromosomal abnormalities, and point mutations in the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) (galactosemia), which can potentially interfere with the menstrual cycle. The intricate surge and variations in a variety of distinct reproductive hormones control the menstrual cycle. Together, these hormones help a woman's body get ready for pregnancy. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate six important hormones, and the hypothalamus also secretes GnRH. FSH and luteinizing hormone LH are both a result of pituitary production when GnRH is present in the body. Under the direction of FSH and LH, the ovaries release testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen, as well as other hormones. The development of menstruation function is influenced by the start of puberty (adolescence). Menarche, or the onset of the first period, often occurs between the ages of 11 and 14 years, following which the menstrual cycle becomes regular for 1 to 1.5 years. Adolescent girls frequently experience menstrual issues, with an average occurrence rate of about 50%. These issues include amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and irregular uterine bleeding. While the majority of problems are minor—such as variations in period duration and flow—on occasion, they may be sufficiently serious to require hospitalization, especially in the instance of extreme malfunctioning uterine bleeding. 

Keywords: Amenorrhea, Adolescence, Menstrual cycle, Menstruation, Metrorrhagia, Oligomenorrhea, Premenstrual.