Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

The Natural Products Journal

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3155
ISSN (Online): 2210-3163

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article

Detailed Analysis of the Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, and Neuroprotective Effects of the Potent Phytochemical Bacoside A

Author(s): Pranay Wal, Neha Verma, Bhagawati Saxena, Damini Singh, Ankita Wal*, Akash Ved, Awani K Rai and Vibhu Sahani

Volume 14, Issue 5, 2024

Published on: 16 January, 2024

Article ID: e160124225693 Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/0122103155270841231122100242

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Bacoside A is a vital bioactive component of the Indian medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri, which ranks second among the most significant medicinal plants. Bacoside A was discovered to have more pharmacological activity than bacoside B. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat mental problems and memory loss. It also possesses antioxidant, antidepressant, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, ant-cancerous, vasodilator and other pharmacological properties. The main objective of this review is to highlight the importance of Bacoside A in the treatment of various diseases. Several sources were used to acquire the material, including review articles published in various publications, such as PubMed, Scopus, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, which were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected that had keywords, such as Bacoside A, Ayurvedic medicine, Brahmi, jujubogenin. Bacoside-A, derived from the Bacopa monniera plant, is a traditional medicine said to have therapeutic qualities. Various studies have found that bacoside- A has considerable therapeutic benefits. All of the evidence suggests that Bacoside-A has multiple therapeutic properties in regulating the various biological processes as well as paving the path for the treatment of various disorders in modern medicine. The current review focused on the pharmacological action of bacoside A. The results of the pharmacological investigations indicated that Bacoside A had a wide range of pharmacological effects, including those on the central nervous system (memory improvement), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparkinsonian, anticancer, and more.

Keywords: Bacoside A, ayurvedic medicine, brahmi, jujubogenin, neurodegenerative diseases, antiulcer.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Sofowora, A.; Ogunbodede, E.; Onayade, A. The role and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease prevention. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2013, 10(5), 210-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2] [PMID: 24311829]
[2]
Petrovska, B. Historical review of medicinal plants′ usage. Pharmacogn. Rev., 2012, 6(11), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.95849] [PMID: 22654398]
[3]
Shailja, Choudhary; Isha, Kumari; Shifali, Thakur; Hemlata, Kaurav; Gitika, Chaudhary Brahmi (Bacopa Monnieri)-A potential ayurvedic cognitive enhancer and neuroprotective herb. Int. J. Ayurveda Pharma Res., 2021, 41-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v9i5.1917].]
[4]
Roy, A. A review on pharmaceutically important medicinal plant: Bacopa monnieri. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Res., 2017, 7(4)
[5]
Jain, P.K.; Das, D.; Jain, P.; Jain, P. Pharmacognostic and pharmacological aspect of Bacopa monnieri: A review. Int. J. Pharma. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2016, 4(3), 7-11.
[6]
C, S.; P, N.; J, L.; J, C.; C, H.; L, D.; T, R. The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology, 2001, 156(4), 481-484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130100815] [PMID: 11498727]
[7]
Bammidi, S.R.; Volluri, S.S.; Chippada, S.C.; Avanigadda, S.; Vangalapati, M. A review on pharmacological studies of Bacopa monniera. J. Chem. Biol. Phys. Sci., 2011, 1(2), 250.
[8]
Singh, H.K.; Rastogi, R.P.; Srimal, R.C.; Dhawan, B.N. Effect of bacosides A and B on avoidance responses in rats. Phytother. Res., 1988, 2(2), 70-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020205].]
[9]
Dhawan, B.N.; Singh, H.K. Pharmacological studies on bacopa monniera, an Ayurvedic nootropic agent. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 1996, 6(6), 144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977X(96)87969-7].]
[10]
Deepak, M.; Sangli, G.K.; Arun, P.C.; Amit, A. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem. Anal., 2005, 16(1), 24-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.805] [PMID: 15688952]
[11]
Ramasamy, S.; Chin, S.P.; Sukumaran, S.D.; Buckle, M.J.C.; Kiew, L.V.; Chung, L.Y. In silico and in vitro analysis of bacoside A aglycones and its derivatives as the constituents responsible for the cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri. PLoS One, 2015, 10(5), e0126565.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126565] [PMID: 25965066]
[12]
Fatima, U.; Roy, S.; Ahmad, S.; Ali, S.; Elkady, W.M.; Khan, I.; Alsaffar, R.M.; Adnan, M.; Islam, A.; Hassan, M.I. Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation. Front. Nutr., 2022, 9, 972379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.972379] [PMID: 36061899]
[13]
Deepak, M.; Amit, A. The need for establishing identities of ‘bacoside A and B’, the putative major bioactive saponins of Indian medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri. Phytomedicine, 2004, 11(2-3), 264-268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00351] [PMID: 15070183]
[14]
Deepak, M.; Amit, A. ‘Bacoside B’ - the need remains for establishing identity. Fitoterapia, 2013, 87, 7-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.011] [PMID: 23506783]
[15]
Sivaramakrishna, C.; Rao, C.V.; Trimurtulu, G.; Vanisree, M.; Subbaraju, G.V. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry, 2005, 66(23), 2719-2728.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.016] [PMID: 16293276]
[16]
Das, M.; Shrestha, B.; Datta, S.; Das, S.; Deb, J. Phytopharmacological review of Bacopa monnieri Linn. Nat. Prod. Anindian J., 2010, 6, 1-4.
[17]
Mkk, F.; Sp, D.; Irfan, M. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of various extracts of Bacopa monnieri. arXiv, 2019, 2019, 1909.
[18]
Sharath, R.; Krishna, V.; Sathyanarayana, B.N.; Harish, B. Antibacterial activity of Bacoside-A–an active constituent isolated of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettest. Pharmacologyonline, 2008, 2, 517-528.
[19]
Parai, D.; Islam, E.; Mitra, J.; Mukherjee, S.K. Effect of bacoside a on growth and biofilm formation by staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can. J. Microbiol., 2017, 63(2), 169-178.
[20]
Goel, R.K.; Sairam, K.; Dora Babu, M.; Tavares, I.A.; Raman, A. In vitro evaluation of Bacopa monniera on anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and accumulation of prostaglandins. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10(6-7), 523-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/094471103322331494] [PMID: 13678238]
[21]
Brun-Buisson, C. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response. Intensive Care Med., 2000, 26(S1), S064-S074.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340051121] [PMID: 10786961]
[22]
Jeyasri, R.; Muthuramalingam, P.; Adarshan, S.; Shin, H.; Ramesh, M. Assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of bacopa-derived bioactive compounds using network pharmacology and in vitro studies. ACS Omega, 2022, 7(44), 40344-40354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05318] [PMID: 36385888]
[23]
Medzhitov, R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature, 2008, 454(7203), 428-435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07201] [PMID: 18650913]
[24]
Madhu, K.; T, P.; S, M. Bacoside-A inhibits inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 109, 1339-1345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.188] [PMID: 30551384]
[25]
Nemetchek, M.D.; Stierle, A.A.; Stierle, D.B.; Lurie, D.I. The Ayurvedic plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2017, 197, 92-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.073] [PMID: 27473605]
[26]
Sharath, R.; Harish, B.G.; Krishna, V.; Sathyanarayana, B.N.; Swamy, H.M.K. Wound healing and protease inhibition activity of Bacoside-A, isolated from Bacopa monnieri wettest. Phytother. Res., 2010, 24(8), 1217-1222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3115] [PMID: 20213670]
[27]
Murthy, S.; Gautam, M.K.; Goel, S.; Purohit, V.; Sharma, H.; Goel, R.K. Evaluation of in vivo wound healing activity of Bacopa monniera on different wound model in rats. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.
[28]
Sabale, P.; Bhimani, B.; Prajapati, C.; Sabalea, V. An overview of medicinal plants as wound healers. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 2012, 2(11), 143-150.
[29]
Gonzalez, A.C.O.; Costa, T.F.; Andrade, Z.A.; Medrado, A.R.A.P. Wound healing - A literature review. An. Bras. Dermatol., 2016, 91(5), 614-620.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164741] [PMID: 27828635]
[30]
Janani, P.; Sivakumari, K.; Parthasarathy, C. Hepatoprotective activity of bacoside A against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver toxicity in adult rats. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 2009, 25(5), 425-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10565-008-9096-4] [PMID: 18679812]
[31]
Sumathi, T.; Nongbri, A. Hepatoprotective effect of Bacoside-A, a major constituent of Bacopa monniera Linn. Phytomedicine, 2008, 15(10), 901-905.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.020] [PMID: 18222663]
[32]
Sabina, E.P.; Peter S, J.; S, P.; Geetha, A. A comparison of hepatoprotective activity of bacoside to silymarin treatment against a combined isoniazid and rifampin-induced hepatotoxicity in female wistar rats. J. Histotechnol., 2019, 42(3), 128-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01478885.2019.1638535] [PMID: 31379302]
[33]
Halliwell, B. Free radicals and metal ions in health and disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 1987, 46(1), 13-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PNS19870004] [PMID: 3575319]
[34]
Mohamed, A.A.; Ali, S.I.; El-Baz, F.K. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts and essential oils of Syzygium cumini leaves. PLoS One, 2013, 8(4), e60269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060269] [PMID: 23593183]
[35]
Cheng, H.Y.; Lin, T.C.; Yu, K.H.; Yang, C.M.; Lin, C.C. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Terminalia chebula. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2003, 26(9), 1331-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.26.1331] [PMID: 12951481]
[36]
Bagchi, K.; Puri, S. Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease: A review. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health J., 1998, 4(2), 350-360.
[37]
Mohana, M.A.; Padma, P.R. Free radicals scavenging activity of the Bacoside fraction from Bascop monnieri. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8, 61-64.
[38]
Ozsoy, N.; Can, A.; Yanardag, R.; Akev, N. Antioxidant activity of Smilax excelsa L. leaf extracts. Food Chem., 2008, 110(3), 571-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.037].]
[39]
Anbarasi, K.; Vani, G.; Balakrishna, K.; Devi, C.S.S. Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Sci., 2006, 78(12), 1378-1384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.030] [PMID: 16226278]
[40]
Anbarasi, K.; Kathirvel, G.; Vani, G.; Jayaraman, G.; Shyamala Devi, C.S. Cigarette smoking induces heat shock protein 70 kDa expression and apoptosis in rat brain: Modulation by bacoside A. Neuroscience, 2006, 138(4), 1127-1135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.029] [PMID: 16472926]
[41]
Janani, P.; Sivakumari, K.; Geetha, A.; Ravisankar, B.; Parthasarathy, C. Chemopreventive effect of bacoside A on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 2010, 136(5), 759-770.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-009-0715-0] [PMID: 19916024]
[42]
Prakash, N.S.; Sundaram, R.; Mitra, S.K. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of bacoside A from whole plant of Bacopa monnieiri (Linn). Am. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2011, 6(1), 11-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2011.11.19].]
[43]
Koczurkiewicz, P; Łojewski, M; Piska, K; Michalik, M; Wójcik-Pszczoła, K; Szewczyk, A; Hałaszuk, P; Pękala, E; Muszyńska, B Chemopreventive and anticancer activities of Bacopa monnieri extracted from artificial digestive juices. Nat. Prod. Commun., 2017, 12(3), 1934578X1701200306.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1701200306]
[44]
John, S.; Sivakumar, K.C.; Mishra, R. Bacoside A induces tumor cell death in human glioblastoma cell lines through catastrophic macropinocytosis. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 2017, 10, 171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2017.00171] [PMID: 28663722]
[45]
Janani, P.; Sivakumari, K.; Geetha, A.; Yuvaraj, S.; Parthasarathy, C. Bacoside A downregulates matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in DEN induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem. Funct., 2010, 28(2), 164-169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbf.1638].]
[46]
Bhardwaj, P.; Jain, C.K.; Mathur, A. Comparative evaluation of four triterpenoid glycoside saponins of bacoside A in alleviating sub-cellular oxidative stress of N2a neuroblastoma cells. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2018, 70(11), 1531-1540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12993] [PMID: 30073654]
[47]
Aithal, M.G.S.; Rajeswari, N. Bacoside A induced sub-G0 arrest and early apoptosis in human glioblastoma cell line U-87 MG through notch signaling pathway. Brain Tumor Res. Treat., 2019, 7(1), 25-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2019.7.e21] [PMID: 31062528]
[48]
Samii, A.; Nutt, J.G.; Ransom, B.R. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet, 2004, 363(9423), 1783-1793.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16305-8] [PMID: 15172778]
[49]
DeMaagd, G.; Philip, A. Parkinson’s disease and its management: Part 1: Disease entity, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis. PT, 2015, 40(8), 504-532.
[PMID: 26236139]
[50]
Váradi, C. Clinical features of Parkinson’s disease: The evolution of critical symptoms. Biology, 2020, 9(5), 103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9050103] [PMID: 32438686]
[51]
González-Burgos, E.; Fernandez-Moriano, C.; Gómez-Serranillos, M.P. Potential neuroprotective activity of Ginseng in Parkinson’s disease: A review. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2015, 10(1), 14-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11481-014-9569-6] [PMID: 25349145]
[52]
Rektor, I.; Goldemund, D.; Bednařík, P.; Sheardová, K.; Michálková, Z.; Telecká, S.; Dufek, M.; Rektorová, I. Impairment of brain vessels may contribute to mortality in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord., 2012, 27(9), 1169-1172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25066] [PMID: 22692677]
[53]
Zhang, B.; Shi, J.; Chang, L.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Song, Y. Bacoside-A exerts protective effect against Parkinson’s disease-induced functional damage in mice via inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative response. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2021, 19(12), 2565-2570.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i12.12].]
[54]
Kumar, S. Role of Bacopa monnieri in the management of Parkinson’s disease: Recent advances and current challenges. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2018, 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3603084].]
[55]
Sekhar, V.C.; Viswanathan, G.; Baby, S. Insights into the molecular aspects of neuroprotective bacoside A and bacopaside I. Curr. Neuropharmacol., 2019, 17(5), 438-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X16666180419123022] [PMID: 29676230]
[56]
Andreo, M.A.; Ballesteros, K.V.R.; Hiruma-Lima, C.A.; Machado da Rocha, L.R.; Souza Brito, A.R.M.; Vilegas, W. Effect of Mouriri pusa extracts on experimentally induced gastric lesions in rodents: Role of endogenous sulfhydryls compounds and nitric oxide in gastroprotection. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2006, 107(3), 431-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.001] [PMID: 16698206]
[57]
Malfertheiner, P.; Chan, F.K.L.; McColl, K.E.L. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet, 2009, 374(9699), 1449-1461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7] [PMID: 19683340]
[58]
Ramakrishnan, K.; Salinas, R.C. Peptic ulcer disease. Am. Fam. Physician, 2007, 76(7), 1005-1012.
[PMID: 17956071]
[59]
Deding, U.; Ejlskov, L.; Grabas, M.P.K.; Nielsen, B.J.; Torp-Pedersen, C.; Bøggild, H. Perceived stress as a risk factor for peptic ulcers: A register-based cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol., 2016, 16(1), 140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0554-9] [PMID: 27894275]
[60]
Eastwood, G.L. The role of smoking in peptic ulcer disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 1988, 10(Suppl. 1), S19-23S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-198812001-00005] [PMID: 3053883]
[61]
Sairam, K.; Rao, C.V.; Babu, M.D.; Goel, R.K. Prophylactic and curative effects of in gastric ulcer models. Phytomedicine, 2001, 8(6), 423-430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/S0944-7113(04)70060-4] [PMID: 11824516]
[62]
Gasparetto, M; Pescarin, M; Guariso, G Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: Current availabilities. Int. Scholarly Res. Notices, 2012, 2012

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy