Probing the Neuro-psychological Changes Observed with the Administration of COVID-19 Drugs

Yuki, K.; Fujiogi, M.; Koutsogiannaki, S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin. Immunol., 2020, 215, 108427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427] [PMID: 32325252]

World Health Organization. Who coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/?adgroupsurvey=%7Badgroupsurvey%7D&gclid=CjwKCAjw6dmSBhBkEiwA_W-EoMhRkIjpLoWtax-TGiVtQGXsIt-ywDNGV7HljYsVXNMhf5lpjhhNHBoCfcIQAvD_BwE

Wang, M.Y.; Zhao, R.; Gao, L.J.; Gao, X.F.; Wang, D.P.; Cao, J.M. SARS-CoV-2: Structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2020, 10, 587269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.587269] [PMID: 33324574]

Hosp, J.A.; Dressing, A.; Blazhenets, G.; Bormann, T.; Rau, A.; Schwabenland, M.; Thurow, J.; Wagner, D.; Waller, C.; Niesen, W.D.; Frings, L.; Urbach, H.; Prinz, M.; Weiller, C.; Schroeter, N.; Meyer, P.T. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain, 2021, 144(4), 1263-1276.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab009] [PMID: 33822001]

Arenivas, A.; Carter, K.R.; Harik, L.M.; Hays, K.M. COVID-19 neuropsychological factors and considerations within the acute physical medicine and rehabilitation setting. Brain Inj., 2020, 34(8), 1136-1137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2020.1786603] [PMID: 32633633]

Abbasi, J. Even mild COVID-19 may change the brain. JAMA, 2022, 327(14), 1321-1322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4507] [PMID: 35319732]

Beghi, E.; Feigin, V.; Caso, V.; Santalucia, P.; Logroscino, G. COVID-19 infection and neurological complications: Present findings and future predictions. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(5), 364-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508991] [PMID: 32610334]

Ghosh, S.; Durgvanshi, S.; Han, S.S.; Bhaskar, R.; Sinha, J.K. Therapeutics for the management of cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2022.
[PMID: 35796445]

Costa, L.H.A.; Santos, B.M.; Branco, L.G.S. Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19? Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2020, 889, 173629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173629] [PMID: 33022271]

Nuzzo, D.; Picone, P. Potential neurological effects of severe COVID-19 infection. Neurosci. Res., 2020, 158, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.009] [PMID: 32628969]

Desforges, M.; Le Coupanec, A.; Dubeau, P.; Bourgouin, A.; Lajoie, L.; Dubé, M.; Talbot, P. J. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: Underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system? Viruses, 2019, 12(1), 14.

Mazza, M.G.; Palladini, M.; De Lorenzo, R.; Magnaghi, C.; Poletti, S.; Furlan, R.; Ciceri, F.; Rovere-Querini, P.; Benedetti, F. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav. Immun., 2021, 94, 138-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021] [PMID: 33639239]

Woods, J.A.; Hutchinson, N.T.; Powers, S.K.; Roberts, W.O.; Gomez-Cabrera, M.C.; Radak, Z.; Berkes, I.; Boros, A.; Boldogh, I.; Leeuwenburgh, C.; Coelho-Júnior, H.J.; Marzetti, E.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, J.; Durstine, J.L.; Sun, J.; Ji, L.L. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med. Health Sci., 2020, 2(2), 55-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.006] [PMID: 34189484]

Chan, C.; Foster, S.T.; Chan, K.G.; Cacace, M.J.; Ladd, S.L.; Sandum, C.T.; Wright, P.T.; Volmert, B.; Yang, W.; Aguirre, A.; Li, W.; Wright, N.T. Repositioned drugs for COVID-19-the impact on multiple organs. SN Compr. Clin. Med., 2021, 3(7), 1484-1501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-021-00874-8] [PMID: 33898925]

Patel, J.; Berezowski, I.; Abdelmonem, A.; Taylor, D.; Pourmand, A. Azithromycin for mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Lancet Respir. Med., 2021, 9(10), e99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00379-9] [PMID: 34509194]

Luijckx, G.J.R.; de Krom, M.C.T.F.M.; Takx-Kohlen, B.C.M.J. Does chloroquine cause seizures? Presentation of three new cases and a review of the literature. Seizure, 1992, 1(3), 183-185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1059-1311(92)90023-T] [PMID: 1344765]

Sanders, J.M.; Monogue, M.L.; Jodlowski, T.Z.; Cutrell, J.B. Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA, 2020, 323(18), 1824-1836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019] [PMID: 32282022]

Chen, P.L.; Lee, N.Y.; Cia, C.T.; Ko, W.C.; Hsueh, P.R. A review of treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Therapeutic repurposing and unmet clinical needs. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 584956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.584956] [PMID: 33364959]

Ghasemiyeh, P.; Borhani-Haghighi, A.; Karimzadeh, I.; Mohammadi-Samani, S.; Vazin, A.; Safari, A.; Qureshi, A.I. Major neurologic adverse drug reactions, potential drug-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic aspects of drugs used in COVID-19 patients with stroke: A narrative review. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2020, 16, 595-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S259152] [PMID: 32669846]

Brown, E.S.; Khan, D.A.; Nejtek, V.A. The psychiatric side effects of corticosteroids. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 1999, 83(6), 495-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62858-X] [PMID: 10619339]

Xiong, T.Y.; Redwood, S.; Prendergast, B.; Chen, M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur. Heart J., 2020, 41(19), 1798-1800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231] [PMID: 32186331]

del Rio, C.; Collins, L.F.; Malani, P. Long-term health consequences of COVID-19. JAMA, 2020, 324(17), 1723-1724.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719] [PMID: 33031513]

Melles, R.B.; Marmor, M.F. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol., 2014, 132(12), 1453-1460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459] [PMID: 25275721]

Mauthe, M.; Orhon, I.; Rocchi, C.; Zhou, X.; Luhr, M.; Hijlkema, K.J.; Coppes, R.P.; Engedal, N.; Mari, M.; Reggiori, F. Chloroquine inhibits autophagic flux by decreasing autophagosomelysosome fusion. Autophagy, 2018, 14(8), 1435-1455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2018.1474314] [PMID: 29940786]

Gupta, A.P.; Singh, P.; Garg, R.; Valicherla, G.R.; Riyazuddin, M.; Syed, A.A.; Hossain, Z.; Gayen, J.R. Pancreastatin inhibitor activates AMPK pathway via GRP78 and ameliorates dexamethasone induced fatty liver disease in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2019, 116, 108959.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108959] [PMID: 31108350]

Lettéron, P.; Brahimi-Bourouina, N.; Robin, M.A.; Moreau, A.; Feldmann, G.; Pessayre, D. Glucocorticoids inhibit mitochondrial matrix acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Am. J. Physiol., 1997, 272(5 Pt 1), G1141-G1150.
[PMID: 9176224]

Filosto, M.; Tentorio, M.; Broglio, L.; Buzio, S.; Lazzarini, C.; Pasolini, M.P.; Cotelli, M.S.; Scarpelli, M.; Mancuso, M.; Choub, A.; Padovani, A. Disulfiram neuropathy: Two cases of distal axonopathy. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.), 2008, 46(4), 314-316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650701636390] [PMID: 18363127]

Song, J.H.; Kim, S.Y.; Shin, J.K.; Hong, S.D.; Rim, K.S.; Park, H.N.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, Y.B.; Oh, S.H.; Hwang, S.G. A case of severe peripheral polyneuropathy occurring after entecavir treatment in a hepatitis B patient. Korean J. Gastroenterol., 2016, 67(4), 216-219.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2016.67.4.216] [PMID: 27112249]

McLaughlin, V.V.; Shillington, A.; Rich, S. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension: The impact of epoprostenol therapy. Circulation, 2002, 106(12), 1477-1482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000029100.82385.58] [PMID: 12234951]

Miyawaki, H.; Kioka, H.; Sato, K.; Kurashige, M.; Ozawa, T.; Shibayama, H.; Hikoso, S.; Morii, E.; Yamauchi-Takihara, K.; Sakata, Y. Long-term effects of the Janus Kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib on pulmonary hypertension and the cardiac function in a patient with myelofibrosis. Intern. Med., 2020, 59(2), 229-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.3528-19] [PMID: 31534088]

Tosi, P.; Zamagni, E.; Cellini, C.; Plasmati, R.; Cangini, D.; Tacchetti, P.; Perrone, G.; Pastorelli, F.; Tura, S.; Baccarani, M.; Cavo, M. Neurological toxicity of long-term (>1 yr) thalidomide therapy in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Haematol., 2005, 74(3), 212-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00382.x] [PMID: 15693790]

Dalakas, M.C.; Illa, I.; Pezeshkpour, G.H.; Laukaitis, J.P.; Cohen, B.; Griffin, J.L. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990, 322(16), 1098-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199004193221602] [PMID: 2320079]

Volberding, P.A.; Levine, A.M.; Dieterich, D.; Mildvan, D.; Mitsuyasu, R.; Saag, M. Anemia in HIV infection: Clinical impact and evidence-based management strategies. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2004, 38(10), 1454-1463.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/383031] [PMID: 15156485]

Schoot, T.S.; Kerckhoffs, A.P.M.; Hilbrands, L.B.; van Marum, R.J. Immunosuppressive drugs and COVID-19: A review. Front. Pharmacol., 2020, 11, 1333.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01333] [PMID: 32982743]

Noor, M.B.T.; Zenia, N.Z.; Kaiser, M.S.; Mamun, S.A.; Mahmud, M. Application of deep learning in detecting neurological disorders from magnetic resonance images: A survey on the detection of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Brain Inform., 2020, 7(1), 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40708-020-00112-2] [PMID: 33034769]

Chatterjee, I. Mean deviation based identification of activated voxels from time-series fMRI data of schizophrenia patients. F1000 Res., 2018, 7(1615), 1615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16405.2] [PMID: 30687497]

Chatterjee, I.; Kumar, V.; Rana, B.; Agarwal, M.; Kumar, N. Impact of ageing on the brain regions of the schizophrenia patients: An fMRI study using evolutionary approach. Multimedia Tools Appl., 2020, 79(33-34), 24757-24779.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09183-z]

Mohan, M.; Perry, B.I.; Saravanan, P.; Singh, S.P. COVID-19 in people with schizophrenia: Potential mechanisms linking schizophrenia to poor prognosis. Front. Psychiatry, 2021, 12, 666067.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666067] [PMID: 34079487]

Zhand, N.; Joober, R. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Narrative review. BJPsych Open, 2021, 7(1), e35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.157] [PMID: 33431109]

Hu, W.; Su, L.; Li, D.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, J. Risk of first-episode schizophrenia in aged adults increased during covid-19 outbreak. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00671-3] [PMID: 34658681]

Strauss, G.P.; Macdonald, K.I.; Ruiz, I.; Raugh, I.M.; Bartolomeo, L.A.; James, S.H. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on negative symptoms in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis and outpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 2021.
[PMID: 33881621]

Bansal, V.; Chatterjee, I. Association of vitamins and neurotransmitters: Understanding the effect on Schizophrenia. Neurochem. J., 2022, 16(1), 39-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S1819712422010032]

Fonseca, L.; Diniz, E.; Mendonça, G.; Malinowski, F.; Mari, J.; Gadelha, A. Schizophrenia and COVID-19: Risks and recommendations. Br. J. Psychiatry, 2020, 42(3), 236-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0010] [PMID: 32294689]

Plasencia-García, B.O.; Rodríguez-Menéndez, G.; Rico-Rangel, M.I.; Rubio-García, A.; Torelló-Iserte, J.; Crespo-Facorro, B. Drug-drug interactions between COVID-19 treatments and antipsychotics drugs: integrated evidence from 4 databases and a systematic review. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 2021, 238(2), 329-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05716-4] [PMID: 33410987]

Brown, E.E.; Kumar, S.; Rajji, T.K.; Pollock, B.G.; Mulsant, B.H. Anticipating and mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 2020, 28(7), 712-721.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.04.010] [PMID: 32331845]

Numbers, K.; Brodaty, H. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia. Nat. Rev. Neurol., 2021, 17(2), 69-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-00450-z] [PMID: 33408384]

Boutoleau-Bretonnière, C.; Pouclet-Courtemanche, H.; Gillet, A.; Bernard, A.; Deruet, A.L.; Gouraud, I.; Mazoue, A.; Lamy, E.; Rocher, L.; Kapogiannis, D.; El Haj, M. The effects of confinement on neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 crisis. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2020, 76(1), 41-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200604] [PMID: 32568211]

Rahman, M.A.; Islam, K.; Rahman, S.; Alamin, M. Neurobiochemical cross-talk between COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurobiol., 2021, 58(3), 1017-1023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02177-w] [PMID: 33078369]

Naughton, S.X.; Raval, U.; Pasinetti, G.M. Potential novel role of COVID-19 in Alzheimer’s disease and preventative mitigation strategies. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2020, 76(1), 21-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-200537] [PMID: 32538855]

Geddes, M.R.; O’Connell, M.E.; Fisk, J.D.; Gauthier, S.; Camicioli, R.; Ismail, Z. Remote cognitive and behavioral assessment: Report of the Alzheimer Society of Canada Task Force on dementia care best practices for COVID‐19. Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.), 2020, 12(1), e12111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12111] [PMID: 32999916]

Shulman, J.M.; De Jager, P.L.; Feany, M.B. Parkinson’s disease: Genetics and pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Pathol., 2011, 6(1), 193-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242] [PMID: 21034221]

Leavy, B.; Hagströmer, M.; Conradsson, D.M.; Franzén, E. Physical activity and perceived health in people with Parkinson disease during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study from Sweden. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther., 2021, 45(4), 266-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000372] [PMID: 34369451]

Montanaro, E.; Artusi, C.A.; Rosano, C.; Boschetto, C.; Imbalzano, G.; Romagnolo, A.; Bozzali, M.; Rizzone, M.G.; Zibetti, M.; Lopiano, L. Anxiety, depression, and worries in advanced Parkinson disease during COVID-19 pandemic. Neurol. Sci., 2022, 43(1), 341-348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05286-z] [PMID: 33948763]

Cilia, R.; Bonvegna, S.; Straccia, G.; Andreasi, N.G.; Elia, A.E.; Romito, L.M.; Devigili, G.; Cereda, E.; Eleopra, R. Effects of COVID‐19 on Parkinson’s disease clinical features: a community based case‐control study. Mov. Disord., 2020, 35(8), 1287-1292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28170] [PMID: 32449528]

Kapel, A.; Serdoner, D.; Fabiani, E.; Velnar, T. Impact of physiotherapy absence in COVID-19 pandemic on neurological state of patients with Parkinson disease. Top. Geriatr. Rehabil., 2021, 37(1), 50-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TGR.0000000000000304]

Fearon, C.; Fasano, A. Parkinson’s disease and the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Parkinsons Dis., 2021, 11(2), 431-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JPD-202320] [PMID: 33492244]

Leta, V.; Rodríguez-Violante, M.; Abundes, A.; Rukavina, K.; Teo, J.T.; Falup-Pecurariu, C.; Irincu, L.; Rota, S.; Bhidayasiri, R.; Storch, A.; Odin, P.; Antonini, A.; Ray Chaudhuri, K. Parkinson’s disease and POST-COVID ‐19 Syndrome: The Parkinson’s LONG COVID spectrum. Mov. Disord., 2021, 36(6), 1287-1289.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28622] [PMID: 33890344]

Antonini, A.; Leta, V.; Teo, J.; Chaudhuri, K. R. Outcome of Parkinson's disease patients affected by COVID‐19. Movement Disord., 2020, 35(6), 905-908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28104]

Kadil, Y.; Filali, H. Neurovirulence of SARS CoV2: From clinical data to preclinical neuropsychological exploration. Coronaviruses, 2022, 3(2), e020221191025.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666796702666210202124417]

Boldrini, M.; Canoll, P.D.; Klein, R.S. How COVID-19 affects the brain. JAMA Psychiatry, 2021, 78(6), 682-683.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500] [PMID: 33769431]

Colson, P.; Rolain, J.M.; Lagier, J.C.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2020, 55(4), 105932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932] [PMID: 32145363]

Furtado, R.H.M.; Berwanger, O.; Fonseca, H.A.; Corrêa, T.D.; Ferraz, L.R.; Lapa, M.G.; Zampieri, F.G.; Veiga, V.C.; Azevedo, L.C.P.; Rosa, R.G.; Lopes, R.D.; Avezum, A.; Manoel, A.L.O.; Piza, F.M.T.; Martins, P.A.; Lisboa, T.C.; Pereira, A.J.; Olivato, G.B.; Dantas, V.C.S.; Milan, E.P.; Gebara, O.C.E.; Amazonas, R.B.; Oliveira, M.B.; Soares, R.V.P.; Moia, D.D.F.; Piano, L.P.A.; Castilho, K.; Momesso, R.G.R.A.P.; Schettino, G.P.P.; Rizzo, L.V.; Neto, A.S.; Machado, F.R.; Cavalcanti, A.B. Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): A randomised clinical trial. Lancet, 2020, 396(10256), 959-967.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6] [PMID: 32896292]

Leowattana, W. COVID-19: Potential repurposing drugs. Infect. Disord.-Drug Targets, 2022, 22(1), 50-61.

Verma, R.; Devi, K.; Qizilbash, F.F.; Verma, S.; Vyas, M.; Haque, A.; Taleuzzaman, M. Management of COVID-19 - A review. Antiinfect. Agents, 2022, 20(2), e130621188859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352518999201208201557]

Gies, V.; Bekaddour, N.; Dieudonné, Y.; Guffroy, A.; Frenger, Q.; Gros, F.; Rodero, M.P.; Herbeuval, J.P.; Korganow, A.S. Beyond anti-viral effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine. Front. Immunol., 2020, 11, 1409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01409] [PMID: 32714335]

Frustaci, A.; Morgante, E.; Antuzzi, D.; Russo, M.A.; Chimenti, C. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte lysosomal activity in hydroxychloroquine cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Cardiol., 2012, 157(1), 117-119.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.112] [PMID: 22481048]

Sundelin, S.P.; Terman, A. Different effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on lysosomal function in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl., 2002, 110(6), 481-489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.100606.x] [PMID: 12193209]

Cavalcanti, A.B.; Zampieri, F.G.; Rosa, R.G.; Azevedo, L.C.P.; Veiga, V.C.; Avezum, A.; Damiani, L.P.; Marcadenti, A.; Kawano-Dourado, L.; Lisboa, T.; Junqueira, D.L.M.; de Barros e Silva, P.G.M.; Tramujas, L.; Abreu-Silva, E.O.; Laranjeira, L.N.; Soares, A.T.; Echenique, L.S.; Pereira, A.J.; Freitas, F.G.R.; Gebara, O.C.E.; Dantas, V.C.S.; Furtado, R.H.M.; Milan, E.P.; Golin, N.A.; Cardoso, F.F.; Maia, I.S.; Hoffmann Filho, C.R.; Kormann, A.P.M.; Amazonas, R.B.; Bocchi de Oliveira, M.F.; Serpa-Neto, A.; Falavigna, M.; Lopes, R.D.; Machado, F.R.; Berwanger, O. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin in mild-to-moderate COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(21), 2041-2052.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2019014] [PMID: 32706953]

Self, W.H.; Semler, M.W.; Leither, L.M.; Casey, J.D.; Angus, D.C.; Brower, R.G.; Chang, S.Y.; Collins, S.P.; Eppensteiner, J.C.; Filbin, M.R.; Files, D.C.; Gibbs, K.W.; Ginde, A.A.; Gong, M.N.; Harrell, F.E., Jr; Hayden, D.L.; Hough, C.L.; Johnson, N.J.; Khan, A.; Lindsell, C.J.; Matthay, M.A.; Moss, M.; Park, P.K.; Rice, T.W.; Robinson, B.R.H.; Schoenfeld, D.A.; Shapiro, N.I.; Steingrub, J.S.; Ulysse, C.A.; Weissman, A.; Yealy, D.M.; Thompson, B.T.; Brown, S.M.; Steingrub, J.; Smithline, H.; Tiru, B.; Tidswell, M.; Kozikowski, L.; Thornton-Thompson, S.; De Souza, L.; Hou, P.; Baron, R.; Massaro, A.; Aisiku, I.; Fredenburgh, L.; Seethala, R.; Johnsky, L.; Riker, R.; Seder, D.; May, T.; Baumann, M.; Eldridge, A.; Lord, C.; Shapiro, N.; Talmor, D.; O’Mara, T.; Kirk, C.; Harrison, K.; Kurt, L.; Schermerhorn, M.; Banner-Goodspeed, V.; Boyle, K.; Dubosh, N.; Filbin, M.; Hibbert, K.; Parry, B.; Lavin-Parsons, K.; Pulido, N.; Lilley, B.; Lodenstein, C.; Margolin, J.; Brait, K.; Jones, A.; Galbraith, J.; Peacock, R.; Nandi, U.; Wachs, T.; Matthay, M.; Liu, K.; Kangelaris, K.; Wang, R.; Calfee, C.; Yee, K.; Hendey, G.; Chang, S.; Lim, G.; Qadir, N.; Tam, A.; Beutler, R.; Levitt, J.; Wilson, J.; Rogers, A.; Vojnik, R.; Roque, J.; Albertson, T.; Chenoweth, J.; Adams, J.; Pearson, S.; Juarez, M.; Almasri, E.; Fayed, M.; Hughes, A.; Hillard, S.; Huebinger, R.; Wang, H.; Vidales, E.; Patel, B.; Ginde, A.; Moss, M.; Baduashvili, A.; McKeehan, J.; Finck, L.; Higgins, C.; Howell, M.; Douglas, I.; Haukoos, J.; Hiller, T.; Lyle, C.; Cupelo, A.; Caruso, E.; Camacho, C.; Gravitz, S.; Finigan, J.; Griesmer, C.; Park, P.; Hyzy, R.; Nelson, K.; McDonough, K.; Olbrich, N.; Williams, M.; Kapoor, R.; Nash, J.; Willig, M.; Ford, H.; Gardner-Gray, J.; Ramesh, M.; Moses, M.; Ng Gong, M.; Aboodi, M.; Asghar, A.; Amosu, O.; Torres, M.; Kaur, S.; Chen, J.T.; Hope, A.; Lopez, B.; Rosales, K.; Young You, J.; Mosier, J.; Hypes, C.; Natt, B.; Borg, B.; Salvagio Campbell, E.; Hite, R.D.; Hudock, K.; Cresie, A.; Alhasan, F.; Gomez-Arroyo, J.; Duggal, A.; Mehkri, O.; Hastings, A.; Sahoo, D.; Abi Fadel, F.; Gole, S.; Shaner, V.; Wimer, A.; Meli, Y.; King, A.; Terndrup, T.; Exline, M.; Pannu, S.; Robart, E.; Karow, S.; Hough, C.; Robinson, B.; Johnson, N.; Henning, D.; Campo, M.; Gundel, S.; Seghal, S.; Katsandres, S.; Dean, S.; Khan, A.; Krol, O.; Jouzestani, M.; Huynh, P.; Weissman, A.; Yealy, D.; Scholl, D.; Adams, P.; McVerry, B.; Huang, D.; Angus, D.; Schooler, J.; Moore, S.; Files, C.; Miller, C.; Gibbs, K.; LaRose, M.; Flores, L.; Koehler, L.; Morse, C.; Sanders, J.; Langford, C.; Nanney, K.; MdalaGausi, M.; Yeboah, P.; Morris, P.; Sturgill, J.; Seif, S.; Cassity, E.; Dhar, S.; de Wit, M.; Mason, J.; Goodwin, A.; Hall, G.; Grady, A.; Chamberlain, A.; Brown, S.; Bledsoe, J.; Leither, L.; Peltan, I.; Starr, N.; Fergus, M.; Aston, V.; Montgomery, Q.; Smith, R.; Merrill, M.; Brown, K.; Armbruster, B.; Harris, E.; Middleton, E.; Paine, R.; Johnson, S.; Barrios, M.; Eppensteiner, J.; Limkakeng, A.; McGowan, L.; Porter, T.; Bouffler, A.; Leahy, J.C.; deBoisblanc, B.; Lammi, M.; Happel, K.; Lauto, P.; Self, W.; Casey, J.; Semler, M.; Collins, S.; Harrell, F.; Lindsell, C.; Rice, T.; Stubblefield, W.; Gray, C.; Johnson, J.; Roth, M.; Hays, M.; Torr, D.; Zakaria, A.; Schoenfeld, D.; Thompson, T.; Hayden, D.; Ringwood, N.; Oldmixon, C.; Ulysse, C.; Morse, R.; Muzikansky, A.; Fitzgerald, L.; Whitaker, S.; Lagakos, A.; Brower, R.; Reineck, L.; Aggarwal, N.; Bienstock, K.; Freemer, M.; Maclawiw, M.; Weinmann, G.; Morrison, L.; Gillespie, M.; Kryscio, R.; Brodie, D.; Zareba, W.; Rompalo, A.; Boeckh, M.; Parsons, P.; Christie, J.; Hall, J.; Horton, N.; Zoloth, L.; Dickert, N.; Diercks, D. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on clinical status at 14 days in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(21), 2165-2176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.22240] [PMID: 33165621]

Abella, B.S.; Jolkovsky, E.L.; Biney, B.T.; Uspal, J.E.; Hyman, M.C.; Frank, I.; Hensley, S.E.; Gill, S.; Vogl, D.T.; Maillard, I.; Babushok, D.V.; Huang, A.C.; Nasta, S.D.; Walsh, J.C.; Wiletyo, E.P.; Gimotty, P.A.; Milone, M.C.; Amaravadi, R.K. Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine vs placebo for pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis among health care workers: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Med., 2021, 181(2), 195-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6319] [PMID: 33001138]

Belhadi, D.; Peiffer-Smadja, N.; Lescure, F.X.; Yazdanpanah, Y.; Mentré, F.; Laouénan, C. 2020.A brief review of antiviral drugs evaluated in registered clinical trials for COVID-19. MedRxiv,
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.20038190]

Brüssow, H. Clinical trials with antiviral drugs against COVID‐19: some progress and many shattered hopes. Environ. Microbiol., 2021, 23(11), 6364-6376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15769] [PMID: 34519154]

Karahalil, B.; Elkama, A. COVID-19: Are experimental drugs a cure or cause? Curr. Drug Saf., 2022, 17(2), 83-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886316666210727150127] [PMID: 34315382]

Jean, S.S.; Lee, P.I.; Hsueh, P.R. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 2020, 53(3), 436-443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034] [PMID: 32307245]

de Man, R.; Wolters, L.M.; Nevens, F.; Chua, D.; Sherman, M.; Lai, C.L.; Gadano, A.; Lee, Y.; Mazzotta, F.; Thomas, N.; De-Hertogh, D. Safety and efficacy of oral entecavir given for 28 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology, 2001, 34(3), 578-582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2001.26815] [PMID: 11526545]

Beigel, J.H.; Tomashek, K.M.; Dodd, L.E.; Mehta, A.K.; Zingman, B.S.; Kalil, A.C.; Hohmann, E.; Chu, H.Y.; Luetkemeyer, A.; Kline, S.; Lopez de Castilla, D.; Finberg, R.W.; Dierberg, K.; Tapson, V.; Hsieh, L.; Patterson, T.F.; Paredes, R.; Sweeney, D.A.; Short, W.R.; Touloumi, G.; Lye, D.C.; Ohmagari, N.; Oh, M.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Benfield, T.; Fätkenheuer, G.; Kortepeter, M.G.; Atmar, R.L.; Creech, C.B.; Lundgren, J.; Babiker, A.G.; Pett, S.; Neaton, J.D.; Burgess, T.H.; Bonnett, T.; Green, M.; Makowski, M.; Osinusi, A.; Nayak, S.; Lane, H.C. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1813-1826.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764] [PMID: 32445440]

Angus, D.C.; Derde, L.; Al-Beidh, F.; Annane, D.; Arabi, Y.; Beane, A.; van Bentum-Puijk, W.; Berry, L.; Bhimani, Z.; Bonten, M.; Bradbury, C.; Brunkhorst, F.; Buxton, M.; Buzgau, A.; Cheng, A.C.; de Jong, M.; Detry, M.; Estcourt, L.; Fitzgerald, M.; Goossens, H.; Green, C.; Haniffa, R.; Higgins, A.M.; Horvat, C.; Hullegie, S.J.; Kruger, P.; Lamontagne, F.; Lawler, P.R.; Linstrum, K.; Litton, E.; Lorenzi, E.; Marshall, J.; McAuley, D.; McGlothin, A.; McGuinness, S.; McVerry, B.; Montgomery, S.; Mouncey, P.; Murthy, S.; Nichol, A.; Parke, R.; Parker, J.; Rowan, K.; Sanil, A.; Santos, M.; Saunders, C.; Seymour, C.; Turner, A.; van de Veerdonk, F.; Venkatesh, B.; Zarychanski, R.; Berry, S.; Lewis, R.J.; McArthur, C.; Webb, S.A.; Gordon, A.C.; Al-Beidh, F.; Angus, D.; Annane, D.; Arabi, Y.; van Bentum-Puijk, W.; Berry, S.; Beane, A.; Bhimani, Z.; Bonten, M.; Bradbury, C.; Brunkhorst, F.; Buxton, M.; Cheng, A.; De Jong, M.; Derde, L.; Estcourt, L.; Goossens, H.; Gordon, A.; Green, C.; Haniffa, R.; Lamontagne, F.; Lawler, P.; Litton, E.; Marshall, J.; McArthur, C.; McAuley, D.; McGuinness, S.; McVerry, B.; Montgomery, S.; Mouncey, P.; Murthy, S.; Nichol, A.; Parke, R.; Rowan, K.; Seymour, C.; Turner, A.; van de Veerdonk, F.; Webb, S.; Zarychanski, R.; Campbell, L.; Forbes, A.; Gattas, D.; Heritier, S.; Higgins, L.; Kruger, P.; Peake, S.; Presneill, J.; Seppelt, I.; Trapani, T.; Young, P.; Bagshaw, S.; Daneman, N.; Ferguson, N.; Misak, C.; Santos, M.; Hullegie, S.; Pletz, M.; Rohde, G.; Rowan, K.; Alexander, B.; Basile, K.; Girard, T.; Horvat, C.; Huang, D.; Linstrum, K.; Vates, J.; Beasley, R.; Fowler, R.; McGloughlin, S.; Morpeth, S.; Paterson, D.; Venkatesh, B.; Uyeki, T.; Baillie, K.; Duffy, E.; Fowler, R.; Hills, T.; Orr, K.; Patanwala, A.; Tong, S.; Netea, M.; Bihari, S.; Carrier, M.; Fergusson, D.; Goligher, E.; Haidar, G.; Hunt, B.; Kumar, A.; Laffan, M.; Lawless, P.; Lother, S.; McCallum, P.; Middeldopr, S.; McQuilten, Z.; Neal, M.; Pasi, J.; Schutgens, R.; Stanworth, S.; Turgeon, A.; Weissman, A.; Adhikari, N.; Anstey, M.; Brant, E.; de Man, A.; Lamonagne, F.; Masse, M.H.; Udy, A.; Arnold, D.; Begin, P.; Charlewood, R.; Chasse, M.; Coyne, M.; Cooper, J.; Daly, J.; Gosbell, I.; Harvala-Simmonds, H.; Hills, T.; MacLennan, S.; Menon, D.; McDyer, J.; Pridee, N.; Roberts, D.; Shankar-Hari, M.; Thomas, H.; Tinmouth, A.; Triulzi, D.; Walsh, T.; Wood, E.; Calfee, C.; O’Kane, C.; Shyamsundar, M.; Sinha, P.; Thompson, T.; Young, I.; Bihari, S.; Hodgson, C.; Laffey, J.; McAuley, D.; Orford, N.; Neto, A.; Detry, M.; Fitzgerald, M.; Lewis, R.; McGlothlin, A.; Sanil, A.; Saunders, C.; Berry, L.; Lorenzi, E.; Miller, E.; Singh, V.; Zammit, C.; van Bentum Puijk, W.; Bouwman, W.; Mangindaan, Y.; Parker, L.; Peters, S.; Rietveld, I.; Raymakers, K.; Ganpat, R.; Brillinger, N.; Markgraf, R.; Ainscough, K.; Brickell, K.; Anjum, A.; Lane, J.B.; Richards-Belle, A.; Saull, M.; Wiley, D.; Bion, J.; Connor, J.; Gates, S.; Manax, V.; van der Poll, T.; Reynolds, J.; van Beurden, M.; Effelaar, E.; Schotsman, J.; Boyd, C.; Harland, C.; Shearer, A.; Wren, J.; Clermont, G.; Garrard, W.; Kalchthaler, K.; King, A.; Ricketts, D.; Malakoutis, S.; Marroquin, O.; Music, E.; Quinn, K.; Cate, H.; Pearson, K.; Collins, J.; Hanson, J.; Williams, P.; Jackson, S.; Asghar, A.; Dyas, S.; Sutu, M.; Murphy, S.; Williamson, D.; Mguni, N.; Potter, A.; Porter, D.; Goodwin, J.; Rook, C.; Harrison, S.; Williams, H.; Campbell, H.; Lomme, K.; Williamson, J.; Sheffield, J.; van’t Hoff, W.; McCracken, P.; Young, M.; Board, J.; Mart, E.; Knott, C.; Smith, J.; Boschert, C.; Affleck, J.; Ramanan, M.; D’Souza, R.; Pateman, K.; Shakih, A.; Cheung, W.; Kol, M.; Wong, H.; Shah, A.; Wagh, A.; Simpson, J.; Duke, G.; Chan, P.; Cartner, B.; Hunter, S.; Laver, R.; Shrestha, T.; Regli, A.; Pellicano, A.; McCullough, J.; Tallott, M.; Kumar, N.; Panwar, R.; Brinkerhoff, G.; Koppen, C.; Cazzola, F.; Brain, M.; Mineall, S.; Fischer, R.; Biradar, V.; Soar, N.; White, H.; Estensen, K.; Morrison, L.; Smith, J.; Cooper, M.; Health, M.; Shehabi, Y.; Al-Bassam, W.; Hulley, A.; Whitehead, C.; Lowrey, J.; Gresha, R.; Walsham, J.; Meyer, J.; Harward, M.; Venz, E.; Williams, P.; Kurenda, C.; Smith, K.; Smith, M.; Garcia, R.; Barge, D.; Byrne, D.; Byrne, K.; Driscoll, A.; Fortune, L.; Janin, P.; Yarad, E.; Hammond, N.; Bass, F.; Ashelford, A.; Waterson, S.; Wedd, S.; McNamara, R.; Buhr, H.; Coles, J.; Schweikert, S.; Wibrow, B.; Rauniyar, R.; Myers, E.; Fysh, E.; Dawda, A.; Mevavala, B.; Litton, E.; Ferrier, J.; Nair, P.; Buscher, H.; Reynolds, C.; Santamaria, J.; Barbazza, L.; Homes, J.; Smith, R.; Murray, L.; Brailsford, J.; Forbes, L.; Maguire, T.; Mariappa, V.; Smith, J.; Simpson, S.; Maiden, M.; Bone, A.; Horton, M.; Salerno, T.; Sterba, M.; Geng, W.; Depuydt, P.; De Waele, J.; De Bus, L.; Fierens, J.; Bracke, S.; Reeve, B.; Dechert, W.; Chassé, M.; Carrier, F.M.; Boumahni, D.; Benettaib, F.; Ghamraoui, A.; Bellemare, D.; Cloutier, È.; Francoeur, C.; Lamontagne, F.; D’Aragon, F.; Carbonneau, E.; Leblond, J.; Vazquez-Grande, G.; Marten, N.; Wilson, M.; Albert, M.; Serri, K.; Cavayas, A.; Duplaix, M.; Williams, V.; Rochwerg, B.; Karachi, T.; Oczkowski, S.; Centofanti, J.; Millen, T.; Duan, E.; Tsang, J.; Patterson, L.; English, S.; Watpool, I.; Porteous, R.; Miezitis, S.; McIntyre, L.; Brochard, L.; Burns, K.; Sandhu, G.; Khalid, I.; Binnie, A.; Powell, E.; McMillan, A.; Luk, T.; Aref, N.; Andric, Z.; Cviljevic, S.; Đimoti, R.; Zapalac, M.; Mirković, G.;; Baršić, B.;; Kutleša, M.; Kotarski, V.; Vujaklija Brajković, A.; Babel, J.; Sever, H.; Dragija, L.; Kušan, I.; Vaara, S.; Pettilä, L.; Heinonen, J.; Kuitunen, A.; Karlsson, S.; Vahtera, A.; Kiiski, H.; Ristimäki, S.; Azaiz, A.; Charron, C.; Godement, M.; Geri, G.; Vieillard-Baron, A.; Pourcine, F.; Monchi, M.; Luis, D.; Mercier, R.; Sagnier, A.; Verrier, N.; Caplin, C.; Siami, S.; Aparicio, C.; Vautier, S.; Jeblaoui, A.; Fartoukh, M.; Courtin, L.; Labbe, V.; Leparco, C.; Muller, G.; Nay, M.A.; Kamel, T.; Benzekri, D.; Jacquier, S.; Mercier, E.; Chartier, D.; Salmon, C.; Dequin, P.; Schneider, F.; Morel, G.; L’Hotellier, S.; Badie, J.; Berdaguer, F.D.; Malfroy, S.; Mezher, C.; Bourgoin, C.; Megarbane, B.; Voicu, S.; Deye, N.; Malissin, I.; Sutterlin, L.; Guitton, C.; Darreau, C.; Landais, M.; Chudeau, N.; Robert, A.; Moine, P.; Heming, N.; Maxime, V.; Bossard, I.; Nicholier, T.B.; Colin, G.; Zinzoni, V.; Maquigneau, N.; Finn, A.; Kreß, G.; Hoff, U.; Friedrich Hinrichs, C.; Nee, J.; Pletz, M.; Hagel, S.; Ankert, J.; Kolanos, S.; Bloos, F.; Petros, S.; Pasieka, B.; Kunz, K.; Appelt, P.; Schütze, B.; Kluge, S.; Nierhaus, A.; Jarczak, D.; Roedl, K.; Weismann, D.; Frey, A.; Klinikum Neukölln, V.; Reill, L.; Distler, M.; Maselli, A.; Bélteczki, J.; Magyar, I.; Fazekas, Á.; Kovács, S.; Szőke, V.; Szigligeti, G.; Leszkoven, J.; Collins, D.; Breen, P.; Frohlich, S.; Whelan, R.; McNicholas, B.; Scully, M.; Casey, S.; Kernan, M.; Doran, P.; O’Dywer, M.; Smyth, M.; Hayes, L.; Hoiting, O.; Peters, M.; Rengers, E.; Evers, M.; Prinssen, A.; Bosch Ziekenhuis, J.; Simons, K.; Rozendaal, W.; Polderman, F.; de Jager, P.; Moviat, M.; Paling, A.; Salet, A.; Rademaker, E.; Peters, A.L.; de Jonge, E.; Wigbers, J.; Guilder, E.; Butler, M.; Cowdrey, K.A.; Newby, L.; Chen, Y.; Simmonds, C.; McConnochie, R.; Ritzema Carter, J.; Henderson, S.; Van Der Heyden, K.; Mehrtens, J.; Williams, T.; Kazemi, A.; Song, R.; Lai, V.; Girijadevi, D.; Everitt, R.; Russell, R.; Hacking, D.; Buehner, U.; Williams, E.; Browne, T.; Grimwade, K.; Goodson, J.; Keet, O.; Callender, O.; Martynoga, R.; Trask, K.; Butler, A.; Schischka, L.; Young, C.; Lesona, E.; Olatunji, S.; Robertson, Y.; José, N.; Amaro dos Santos Catorze, T.; de Lima Pereira, T.N.A.; Neves Pessoa, L.M.; Castro Ferreira, R.M.; Pereira Sousa Bastos, J.M.; Aysel Florescu, S.; Stanciu, D.; Zaharia, M.F.; Kosa, A.G.; Codreanu, D.; Marabi, Y.; Al Qasim, E.; Moneer Hagazy, M.; Al Swaidan, L.; Arishi, H.; Muñoz-Bermúdez, R.; Marin-Corral, J.; Salazar Degracia, A.; Parrilla Gómez, F.; Mateo López, M.I.; Rodriguez Fernandez, J.; Cárcel Fernández, S.; Carmona Flores, R.; León López, R.; de la Fuente Martos, C.; Allan, A.; Polgarova, P.; Farahi, N.; McWilliam, S.; Hawcutt, D.; Rad, L.; O’Malley, L.; Whitbread, J.; Kelsall, O.; Wild, L.; Thrush, J.; Wood, H.; Austin, K.; Donnelly, A.; Kelly, M.; O’Kane, S.; McClintock, D.; Warnock, M.; Johnston, P.; Gallagher, L.J.; Mc Goldrick, C.; Mc Master, M.; Strzelecka, A.; Jha, R.; Kalogirou, M.; Ellis, C.; Krishnamurthy, V.; Deelchand, V.; Silversides, J.; McGuigan, P.; Ward, K.; O’Neill, A.; Finn, S.; Phillips, B.; Mullan, D.; Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa, L.; Thomas, M.; Sweet, K.; Grimmer, L.; Johnson, R.; Pinnell, J.; Robinson, M.; Gledhill, L.; Wood, T.; Morgan, M.; Cole, J.; Hill, H.; Davies, M.; Antcliffe, D.; Templeton, M.; Rojo, R.; Coghlan, P.; Smee, J.; Mackay, E.; Cort, J.; Whileman, A.; Spencer, T.; Spittle, N.; Kasipandian, V.; Patel, A.; Allibone, S.; Genetu, R.M.; Ramali, M.; Ghosh, A.; Bamford, P.; London, E.; Cawley, K.; Faulkner, M.; Jeffrey, H.; Smith, T.; Brewer, C.; Gregory, J.; Limb, J.; Cowton, A.; O’Brien, J.; Nikitas, N.; Wells, C.; Lankester, L.; Pulletz, M.; Williams, P.; Birch, J.; Wiseman, S.; Horton, S.; Alegria, A.; Turki, S.; Elsefi, T.; Crisp, N.; Allen, L.; McCullagh, I.; Robinson, P.; Hays, C.; Babio-Galan, M.; Stevenson, H.; Khare, D.; Pinder, M.; Selvamoni, S.; Gopinath, A.; Pugh, R.; Menzies, D.; Mackay, C.; Allan, E.; Davies, G.; Puxty, K.; McCue, C.; Cathcart, S.; Hickey, N.; Ireland, J.; Yusuff, H.; Isgro, G.; Brightling, C.; Bourne, M.; Craner, M.; Watters, M.; Prout, R.; Davies, L.; Pegler, S.; Kyeremeh, L.; Arbane, G.; Wilson, K.; Gomm, L.; Francia, F.; Brett, S.; Sousa Arias, S.; Elin Hall, R.; Budd, J.; Small, C.; Birch, J.; Collins, E.; Henning, J.; Bonner, S.; Hugill, K.; Cirstea, E.; Wilkinson, D.; Karlikowski, M.; Sutherland, H.; Wilhelmsen, E.; Woods, J.; North, J.; Sundaran, D.; Hollos, L.; Coburn, S.; Walsh, J.; Turns, M.; Hopkins, P.; Smith, J.; Noble, H.; Depante, M.T.; Clarey, E.; Laha, S.; Verlander, M.; Williams, A.; Huckle, A.; Hall, A.; Cooke, J.; Gardiner-Hill, C.; Maloney, C.; Qureshi, H.; Flint, N.; Nicholson, S.; Southin, S.; Nicholson, A.; Borgatta, B.; Turner-Bone, I.; Reddy, A.; Wilding, L.; Chamara Warnapura, L.; Agno Sathianathan, R.; Golden, D.; Hart, C.; Jones, J.; Bannard-Smith, J.; Henry, J.; Birchall, K.; Pomeroy, F.; Quayle, R.; Makowski, A.; Misztal, B.; Ahmed, I.; KyereDiabour, T.; Naiker, K.; Stewart, R.; Mwaura, E.; Mew, L.; Wren, L.; Willams, F.; Innes, R.; Doble, P.; Hutter, J.; Shovelton, C.; Plumb, B.; Szakmany, T.; Hamlyn, V.; Hawkins, N.; Lewis, S.; Dell, A.; Gopal, S.; Ganguly, S.; Smallwood, A.; Harris, N.; Metherell, S.; Lazaro, J.M.; Newman, T.; Fletcher, S.; Nortje, J.; Fottrell-Gould, D.; Randell, G.; Zaman, M.; Elmahi, E.; Jones, A.; Hall, K.; Mills, G.; Ryalls, K.; Bowler, H.; Sall, J.; Bourne, R.; Borrill, Z.; Duncan, T.; Lamb, T.; Shaw, J.; Fox, C.; Moreno Cuesta, J.; Xavier, K.; Purohit, D.; Elhassan, M.; Bakthavatsalam, D.; Rowland, M.; Hutton, P.; Bashyal, A.; Davidson, N.; Hird, C.; Chhablani, M.; Phalod, G.; Kirkby, A.; Archer, S.; Netherton, K.; Reschreiter, H.; Camsooksai, J.; Patch, S.; Jenkins, S.; Pogson, D.; Rose, S.; Daly, Z.; Brimfield, L.; Claridge, H.; Parekh, D.; Bergin, C.; Bates, M.; Dasgin, J.; McGhee, C.; Sim, M.; Hay, S.K.; Henderson, S.; Phull, M.K.; Zaidi, A.; Pogreban, T.; Rosaroso, L.P.; Harvey, D.; Lowe, B.; Meredith, M.; Ryan, L.; Hormis, A.; Walker, R.; Collier, D.; Kimpton, S.; Oakley, S.; Rooney, K.; Rodden, N.; Hughes, E.; Thomson, N.; McGlynn, D.; Walden, A.; Jacques, N.; Coles, H.; Tilney, E.; Vowell, E.; Schuster-Bruce, M.; Pitts, S.; Miln, R.; Purandare, L.; Vamplew, L.; Spivey, M.; Bean, S.; Burt, K.; Moore, L.; Day, C.; Gibson, C.; Gordon, E.; Zitter, L.; Keenan, S.; Baker, E.; Cherian, S.; Cutler, S.; Roynon-Reed, A.; Harrington, K.; Raithatha, A.; Bauchmuller, K.; Ahmad, N.; Grecu, I.; Trodd, D.; Martin, J.; Wrey Brown, C.; Arias, A.M.; Craven, T.; Hope, D.; Singleton, J.; Clark, S.; Rae, N.; Welters, I.; Hamilton, D.O.; Williams, K.; Waugh, V.; Shaw, D.; Puthucheary, Z.; Martin, T.; Santos, F.; Uddin, R.; Somerville, A.; Tatham, K.C.; Jhanji, S.; Black, E.; Dela Rosa, A.; Howle, R.; Tully, R.; Drummond, A.; Dearden, J.; Philbin, J.; Munt, S.; Vuylsteke, A.; Chan, C.; Victor, S.; Matsa, R.; Gellamucho, M.; Creagh-Brown, B.; Tooley, J.; Montague, L.; De Beaux, F.; Bullman, L.; Kersiake, I.; Demetriou, C.; Mitchard, S.; Ramos, L.; White, K.; Donnison, P.; Johns, M.; Casey, R.; Mattocks, L.; Salisbury, S.; Dark, P.; Claxton, A.; McLachlan, D.; Slevin, K.; Lee, S.; Hulme, J.; Joseph, S.; Kinney, F.; Senya, H.J.; Oborska, A.; Kayani, A.; Hadebe, B.; Orath Prabakaran, R.; Nichols, L.; Thomas, M.; Worner, R.; Faulkner, B.; Gendall, E.; Hayes, K.; Hamilton-Davies, C.; Chan, C.; Mfuko, C.; Abbass, H.; Mandadapu, V.; Leaver, S.; Forton, D.; Patel, K.; Paramasivam, E.; Powell, M.; Gould, R.; Wilby, E.; Howcroft, C.; Banach, D.; Fernández de Pinedo Artaraz, Z.; Cabreros, L.; White, I.; Croft, M.; Holland, N.; Pereira, R.; Zaki, A.; Johnson, D.; Jackson, M.; Garrard, H.; Juhaz, V.; Roy, A.; Rostron, A.; Woods, L.; Cornell, S.; Pillai, S.; Harford, R.; Rees, T.; Ivatt, H.; Sundara Raman, A.; Davey, M.; Lee, K.; Barber, R.; Chablani, M.; Brohi, F.; Jagannathan, V.; Clark, M.; Purvis, S.; Wetherill, B.; Dushianthan, A.; Cusack, R.; de Courcy-Golder, K.; Smith, S.; Jackson, S.; Attwood, B.; Parsons, P.; Page, V.; Zhao, X.B.; Oza, D.; Rhodes, J.; Anderson, T.; Morris, S.; Xia Le Tai, C.; Thomas, A.; Keen, A.; Digby, S.; Cowley, N.; Wild, L.; Southern, D.; Reddy, H.; Campbell, A.; Watkins, C.; Smuts, S.; Touma, O.; Barnes, N.; Alexander, P.; Felton, T.; Ferguson, S.; Sellers, K.; Bradley-Potts, J.; Yates, D.; Birkinshaw, I.; Kell, K.; Marshall, N.; Carr-Knott, L.; Summers, C. Effect of hydrocortisone on mortality and organ support in patients with severe COVID-19: the REMAP-CAP COVID-19 corticosteroid domain randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(13), 1317-1329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17022] [PMID: 32876697]

Horby, P.; Lim, W.S.; Emberson, J.R.; Mafham, M.; Bell, J.L. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19-preliminary report. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(8), 693-704.

Tomazini, B.M.; Maia, I.S.; Cavalcanti, A.B.; Berwanger, O.; Rosa, R.G.; Veiga, V.C.; Avezum, A.; Lopes, R.D.; Bueno, F.R.; Silva, M.V.A.O.; Baldassare, F.P.; Costa, E.L.V.; Moura, R.A.B.; Honorato, M.O.; Costa, A.N.; Damiani, L.P.; Lisboa, T.; Kawano-Dourado, L.; Zampieri, F.G.; Olivato, G.B.; Righy, C.; Amendola, C.P.; Roepke, R.M.L.; Freitas, D.H.M.; Forte, D.N.; Freitas, F.G.R.; Fernandes, C.C.F.; Melro, L.M.G.; Junior, G.F.S.; Morais, D.C.; Zung, S.; Machado, F.R.; Azevedo, L.C.P. Effect of dexamethasone on days alive and ventilator-free in patients with moderate or severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and COVID-19: the CoDEX randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2020, 324(13), 1307-1316.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17021] [PMID: 32876695]

Jeronimo, C.M.P.; Farias, M.E.L.; Val, F.F.A.; Sampaio, V.S.; Alexandre, M.A.A.; Melo, G.C.; Safe, I.P.; Borba, M.G.S.; Netto, R.L.A.; Maciel, A.B.S.; Neto, J.R.S.; Oliveira, L.B.; Figueiredo, E.F.G.; Oliveira Dinelly, K.M.; de Almeida Rodrigues, M.G.; Brito, M.; Mourão, M.P.G.; Pivoto João, G.A.; Hajjar, L.A.; Bassat, Q.; Romero, G.A.S.; Naveca, F.G.; Vasconcelos, H.L.; de Araújo Tavares, M.; Brito-Sousa, J.D.; Costa, F.T.M.; Nogueira, M.L.; Baía-da-Silva, D.C.; Xavier, M.S.; Monteiro, W.M.; Lacerda, M.V.G.; de Lemos Vasconcelos, A.; Praia Marins, A.F.; de Oliveira Trindade, A.; Mendes Záu, A.S.; de Oliveira, A.C.; Azevedo Furtado, A.C.; Coelho Rocha, A.P.; da Silva Souza, A.; de Souza Dias, A.; Belém, A.; dos Santos, A.G.R.; da Silva Sousa, A.M.; da Silva, B.F.; Franco, B.L.; da Silva, B.M.; da Costa, B.L.G.; Sato Barros do Amaral, C.M.S.; Judice, C.C.; de Morais, C.E.P.; Camilo, C.C.; Sena da Silva, D.S.; Gomes Duarte, D.C.; da Silva, E.G.N.; da Silva Lemos, E.; de Fátima Ponte Frota, E.; do Nascimento, E.F.; de Almeida, E.S.; Marques, E.A.; de Almeida, E.M.M.; da Silva, E.L.; dos Santos, E.G.; da Silva Oliveira, E.; Martins Shimizu, F.M.; de Souza, F.R.F.; da Silva do Vale, F.; dos Santos de Almeida Lima, F.; da Fonseca, F.H.J.; Fontenelle, F.A.; de Azevedo Furtado, F.; Da Silva Pereira, G.; Bezerra, G.A.; Maciel Salazar, G.K.; da Silva Pereira, H.; de Melo, H.F.; Oliveira, I.N.; Pereira Filho, I.V.; Gomes, J.V.; e Silva Rosa, J.; Lemos, J.M.; Brutus, J.N.; Pessoa, K.P.; Costa Rodrigues, L.D.; Barros Cirino, L.E.; Mourão Filho, L.F.; Moura, L.; Barbosa, L.R.P.; de Souza, L.P.; Oliveira, L.B.; de Lima Ferreira, L.C.; dos Santos, M.M.; da Silva, M.V.R.; Rodrigues, M.P.; de Menezes, M.T.; dos Santos Mota, M.M.; Freire, M.; Corrêa, N.F.; Rocha, N.M.; Bittencourt, N.; de Melo Silva, N.G.; de Oliveira Saraiva, P.; de Sousa Monteiro, Q.; dos Santos, R.T.; Freire, R.S.; de Araújo Pinto, R.A.; Ferreira, R.B.; de Lima, R.S.; de Melo, R.F.T.; Saenz, S.T.; Alvarez Fernandes, S.S.; Vítor-Silva, S.; de Oliveira, T.M.R.; Tavella, T.A.; Câmara, T.T.; Santos, T.C.; Pinto, T.S.; dos Santos, T.W.R.; do Nascimento, V.A.; Sousa Barbosa, W.P.; de Melo, W.F.; Salgado Sobrinho, W.B. Methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): A randomized, double-blind, phase IIb, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2021, 72(9), e373-e381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1177] [PMID: 32785710]

Zorzon, M.; Zivadinov, R.; Locatelli, L.; Giuntini, D.; Toncic, M.; Bosco, A.; Nasuelli, D.; Bratina, A.; Tommasi, M.A.; Rudick, R.A.; Cazzato, G. Long-term effects of intravenous high dose methylprednisolone pulses on bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol., 2005, 12(7), 550-556.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.00988.x] [PMID: 15958096]

Khiali, S.; Rezagholizadeh, A.; Entezari-Maleki, T. A comprehensive review on sarilumab in COVID-19. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2021, 21(5), 615-626.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2021.1847269] [PMID: 33161757]

Lahiri, D.; Ardila, A. COVID-19 pandemic: A neurological perspective. Cureus, 2020, 12(4), e7889.
[PMID: 32489743]

Chatterjee, S.S.; Barikar C, M.; Mukherjee, A. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems. Asian J. Psychiatr., 2020, 51, 102071.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102071] [PMID: 32334407]

Zeng, L.; Zhang, H.; He, Y.; Lai, B.; Huang, Z.; Lin, L.; Zhong, Z.; Guo, X. A severe COVID-19 case with schizophrenia as well as other chronic diseases. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2021, 54(3), e10426.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x202010426] [PMID: 33470392]

Wang, H.; Li, T.; Barbarino, P.; Gauthier, S.; Brodaty, H.; Molinuevo, J.L.; Xie, H.; Sun, Y.; Yu, E.; Tang, Y.; Weidner, W.; Yu, X. Dementia care during COVID-19. Lancet, 2020, 395(10231), 1190-1191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30755-8] [PMID: 32240625]

Majila, K.; Lal, S.; Ahmad, M.F. COVID-19 pandemic: An overview of its origin, current status, and ongoing clinical trials. Coronaviruses, 2022, 3(3), e130921191206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2666796702666210208143656]

Wu, Y.; Xu, X.; Chen, Z.; Duan, J.; Hashimoto, K.; Yang, L.; Liu, C.; Yang, C. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav. Immun., 2020, 87, 18-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031] [PMID: 32240762]

Mazereel, V.; Van Assche, K.; Detraux, J.; De Hert, M. COVID-19 vaccination for people with severe mental illness: Why, what, and how? Lancet Psychiatry, 2021, 8(5), 444-450.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30564-2] [PMID: 33548184]

Chiappini, S.; Guirguis, A.; John, A.; Corkery, J.M.; Schifano, F. COVID-19: The hidden impact on mental health and drug addiction. Front. Psychiatry, 2020, 11, 767.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00767] [PMID: 32848937]