Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Anti-Infective Agents

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2211-3525
ISSN (Online): 2211-3533

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Black Fungus: An Alarming Infection During Novel Coronavirus: A Review

Author(s): Raneet Das, Jayita Roy and Sumel Ashique*

Volume 20, Issue 4, 2022

Published on: 13 July, 2022

Article ID: e290322202776 Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/2211352520666220329160041

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
conference banner
Abstract

Mucormycosis is the most emerging angioinvasive fungal infection of filamentous fungi of the Zygomycetes class, which, when neglected, causes severe disseminated infection along with significant chances of morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis and treatment remain challenging for the doctors. It has been observed that people who have been suffering from different diseases, such as hematological malignancies and uncontrolled diabetes, or who have gone through different surgeries, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and solid transplantation, are the most affected ones. On the other hand, people who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically show the symptoms of mucormycosis after 1-2 weeks of successful recovery. Standard treatment of mucormycosis is traditionally considered an amphotericin B intravenous (IV) drug as initial therapy, although posaconazole and isavuconazole are also used. The core objective of the review is to typically focus on the area of the sudden cause of mucormycosis in the patients who have already recovered from SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: Mucormycosis, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, types of mucormycosis, treatment options, angioinvasive fungal infection.

[1]
Tracy, S.; Isaacson, A.L.; Ford, B.A.; Firchau, D.J. The postmortem features of mucormycosis. Acad. Forensic Pathol., 2020, 10(2), 72-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362120960918] [PMID: 33282040]
[2]
CDC. Mucormycosis. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NCfEaZIDN, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases (DFWED); , 2021.
[3]
Spellberg, B.; Edwards, J., Jr; Ibrahim, A. Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: Pathophysiology, presentation, and management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2005, 18(3), 556-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005] [PMID: 16020690]
[4]
Jeong, W.; Keighley, C.; Wolfe, R.; Lee, W.L.; Slavin, M.A.; Kong, D.C.M.; Chen, S.C. The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2019, 25(1), 26-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.07.011] [PMID: 30036666]
[5]
Elitzur, S.; Fischer, S.; Arad-Cohen, N.; Barg, A.; Ben-Harosh, M.; Danino, D.; Elhasid, R.; Gefen, A.; Gilad, G.; Levy, I.; Shachor-Meyouhas, Y.; Weinreb, S.; Izraeli, S.; Barzilai-Birenboim, S. Disseminated mucormycosis in immunocompromised children: Are new an-tifungal agents making a difference? A multicenter retrospective study. J. Fungi (Basel), 2021, 7(3), 165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030165] [PMID: 33668990]
[6]
Baldin, C.; Ibrahim, A.S. Molecular mechanisms of mucormycosis-The bitter and the sweet. PLoS Pathog., 2017, 13(8)e1006408
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006408] [PMID: 28771587]
[7]
Wiersinga, W.J.; Rhodes, A.; Cheng, A.C.; Peacock, S.J.; Prescott, H.C. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coro-navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. JAMA, 2020, 324(8), 782-793.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12839] [PMID: 32648899]
[8]
Guo, Y.R.; Cao, Q.D.; Hong, Z.S.; Tan, Y.Y.; Chen, S.D.; Jin, H.J.; Tan, K.S.; Wang, D.Y.; Yan, Y. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil. Med. Res., 2020, 7(1), 11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0] [PMID: 32169119]
[9]
Yang, Z.; Liu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, J. The effect of corticosteroid treatment on patients with coronavirus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infect., 2020, 81(1), e13-e20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.062] [PMID: 32283144]
[10]
Kamrul-Hasan, A.B.; Selim, S. Mucormycosis, the deadly new worry to COVID-19 pandemic. Mymensingh Med. J., 2021, 30(3), 874-880.
[PMID: 34226483]
[11]
Peterson, K.L.; Wang, M.; Canalis, R.F.; Abemayor, E. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: Evolution of the disease and treatment options. Laryngoscope, 1997, 107(7), 855-862.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199707000-00004] [PMID: 9217119]
[12]
Lee, F.Y.W.; Mossad, S.B.; Adal, K.A. Pulmonary mucormycosis: The last 30 years. Arch. Intern. Med., 1999, 159(12), 1301-1309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.12.1301] [PMID: 10386506]
[13]
Mekki, S.O.; Hassan, A.A.; Falemban, A.; Alkotani, N.; Alsharif, S.M.; Haron, A.; Felemban, B.; Iqbal, M.S.; Tabassum, A. Pulmonary mucormycosis: A case report of a rare infection with potential diagnostic problems. Case Rep. Pathol., 2020, 20205845394
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5845394] [PMID: 31970007]
[14]
Wang, X-M.; Guo, L-C.; Xue, S-L.; Chen, Y-B. Pulmonary mucormycosis: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol. Lett., 2016, 11(5), 3049-3053.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4370] [PMID: 27123061]
[15]
Garg, R.; Marak, R.S.; Verma, S.K.; Singh, J. Sanjay; Prasad, R. Pulmonary mucormycosis mimicking as pulmonary tuberculosis: A case report. Lung India, 2008, 25(3), 129-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.59595] [PMID: 20165666]
[16]
Wotiye, A.B.; Ks, P.; Ayele, B.A. Invasive intestinal mucormycosis in a 40-year old immunocompetent patient - a rarely reported clinical phenomenon: A case report. BMC Gastroenterol., 2020, 20(1), 61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-020-01202-5] [PMID: 32143639]
[17]
Shankaralingappa, S. Unsuspected invasive gastrointestinal mucormycosis masquerading as inflammatory bowel disease: A pathologist’s perspective. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol., 2019, 62(2), 332-334.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_240_18] [PMID: 30971571]
[18]
Naqvi, H.A.; Nadeem Yousaf, M.; Chaudhary, F.S.; Mills, L. Gastric mucormycosis: An infection of fungal invasion into the gastric mu-cosa in immunocompromised patients. Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med., 2020, 20208876125
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8876125] [PMID: 33014480]
[19]
Gupta, S.; Jayashree, M.; Chakrabarti, A.; Sodhi, K.S.; Kanojia, R.P.; Mitra, S. Invasive gastrointestinal mucormycosis: A master masquer-ader. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2018, 37(10), 1067-1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001948] [PMID: 29570587]
[20]
Goel, P.; Jain, V.; Sengar, M.; Mohta, A.; Das, P.; Bansal, P. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis: A success story and appraisal of concepts. J. Infect. Public Health, 2013, 6(1), 58-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2012.08.004] [PMID: 23290094]
[21]
Dioverti, M.V.; Cawcutt, K.A.; Abidi, M.; Sohail, M.R.; Walker, R.C.; Osmon, D.R. Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in immunocompro-mised hosts. Mycoses, 2015, 58(12), 714-718.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/myc.12419] [PMID: 26456920]
[22]
Skiada, A.; Petrikkos, G. Cutaneous zygomycosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 2009, 15(Suppl. 5), 41-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02979.x] [PMID: 19754756]
[23]
Nusrat, M.; Petitto, G.S.; Aisenberg, G.M. Successful treatment of cutaneous mucormycosis in a leukemic patient. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract., 2015, 23(4), 215-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000000227]
[24]
Ahmadinejad, Z.; Khazraiyan, H.; Ghanbari, F.; Ahmadi, B.; Gerami Shoar, M. Cutaneous mucormycosis in a diabetic patient following traditional dressing. Case Rep. Dermatol. Med., 2013, 2013894927
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/894927] [PMID: 23991340]
[25]
Umbert, I.J.; Su, W.P.D. Cutaneous mucormycosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1989, 21(6), 1232-1234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70336-4] [PMID: 2584460]
[26]
Tehmeena, W.; Hussain, W.; Zargar, H.R.; Sheikh, A.R.; Iqbal, S. Primary cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompetent host. Mycopathologia, 2007, 164(4), 197-199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-007-9041-8] [PMID: 17676384]
[27]
Suthananthan, A.E.; Koek, S.A.; Sieunarine, K. Cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompromised patient: A case report. J. Surg. Case Rep., 2017, 2017(3)rjx056
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjx056] [PMID: 28458862]
[28]
Simbli, M.; Hakim, F.; Koudieh, M.; Tleyjeh, I.M. Nosocomial post-traumatic cutaneous mucormycosis: A systematic review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, 40(6-7), 577-582.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540701840096] [PMID: 18584552]
[29]
Menzinger, S.; Sid’Amar, S.; Kaya, G. Cutaneous mucormycosis resulting from hematogenous dissemination of Rhizomucor pusillus in an immunocompromised patient. Dermatopathology (Basel), 2020, 6(4), 275-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506272] [PMID: 32309276]
[30]
Castrejón-Pérez, A.D.; Welsh, E.C.; Miranda, I.; Ocampo-Candiani, J.; Welsh, O. Cutaneous mucormycosis. An. Bras. Dermatol., 2017, 92(3), 304-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20176614] [PMID: 29186239]
[31]
Wang, Q.; Liu, B.; Yan, Y. Disseminated mucormycosis (DM) after pneumonectomy: A case report. BMC Infect. Dis., 2016, 16(1), 337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1639-3] [PMID: 27450424]
[32]
Lee, D.G.; Choi, J.H.; Choi, S.M.; Yoo, J.H.; Kim, Y.J.; Min, C.K.; Lee, S.; Kim, D.W.; Shin, W.S.; Kim, C.C. Two cases of disseminated mucormycosis in patients following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2002, 17(3), 403-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2002.17.3.403] [PMID: 12068148]
[33]
Gupta, K.L.; Joshi, K.; Pereira, B.J.; Singh, K. Disseminated mucormycosis presenting with acute renal failure. Postgrad. Med. J., 1987, 63(738), 297-299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.63.738.297] [PMID: 3684839]
[34]
von Pohle, W.R. Disseminated mucormycosis presenting with lower extremity weakness. Eur. Respir. J., 1996, 9(8), 1751-1753.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.96.09081751] [PMID: 8866605]
[35]
Mugambi, M.S.; Theron, A.; Cox, S.; Pillay, K.; Millar, A.J.W.; Numanoglu, A. Disseminated mucormycosis and necrotizing fasciitis in immune-compromised patients: Two case reports. Ann. Pediatr. Surg., 2015, 11(1), 35-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.XPS.0000459980.60002.27]
[36]
Humphrey, V.S.; Li, X.; Choudhary, S.; Patton, T. Fatal disseminated mucormycosis in a hematological immunocompromised patient with extensive voriconazole exposure: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep. Dermatol., 2020, 12(3), 168-173.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508457] [PMID: 33173476]
[37]
McCrory, M.C.; Moore, B.A.; Nakagawa, T.A.; Givner, L.B.; Jason, D.R.; Palavecino, E.L.; Ajizian, S.J. Disseminated mucormycosis in an adolescent with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2014, 33(10), 1094-1096.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000383] [PMID: 24830701]
[38]
Kitmiridou, D.; Aung, S.N.; Farmakiotis, D. Disseminated mucormycosis with positive Aspergillus galactomannan. Case Rep. Infect. Dis., 2018, 20184294013
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4294013] [PMID: 30675405]
[39]
Ibrahim, A.S. Host cell invasion in mucormycosis: Role of iron. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2011, 14(4), 406-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2011.07.004] [PMID: 21807554]
[40]
Pushparaj, K.; Kuchi Bhotla, H.; Arumugam, V.A.; Pappusamy, M.; Easwaran, M.; Liu, W.C.; Issara, U.; Rengasamy, K.R.R.; Meyya-zhagan, A.; Balasubramanian, B. Mucormycosis (black fungus) ensuing COVID-19 and comorbidity meets - Magnifying global pandemic grieve and catastrophe begins. Sci. Total Environ., 2022, 805150355
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150355] [PMID: 34818767]
[41]
Mascarenhas, A. Mucormycosis or black fungus in Covid-19 patients: Symptoms, prevention and treatment pune, India: The indian express; 2021. [updated 02.06.2021]. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mucormycosis-in-covid-patients-fungal-infections-7308721/
[42]
Ribes, J.A.; Vanover-Sams, C.L.; Baker, D.J. Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000, 13(2), 236-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.2.236] [PMID: 10756000]
[43]
Prakash, H.; Chakrabarti, A. Global epidemiology of mucormycosis. J. Fungi (Basel), 2019, 5(1), 26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5010026] [PMID: 30901907]
[44]
Ojha, S. Deadly ‘Black Fungus’ in India: 10 facts about mucormycosis in Covid-19 patients: Mint; , 2021. Available from https://www.livemint.com/science/health/deadly-black-fungus-in-india-10-facts-about-mucormycosis-in-covid-patients-11620705235812.html
[45]
Thursky MSaK. India is struggling against a rapid increase in Covid-19 cases, but a nasty and rare fungal infection affecting some corona-virus patients is dealing the country a double blow., 20th May 2021 Available from: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210519-mucormycosis-the-black-fungus-hitting-indias-covid-patients (Accessed on: 20th May 2021).
[46]
India MTbfmCpi. Mucormycosis: The ‘black fungus’ maiming Covid patients in India India: BBC news; 9.05; , 2021. Available from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57027829
[47]
Gary, M.; Cox, M. Mucormycosis (zygomycosis); , 2021. Available from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mucormycosis-zygomycosis
[48]
Ibrahim, A.S.; Spellberg, B.; Edwards, J. Jr Iron acquisition: A novel perspective on mucormycosis pathogenesis and treatment. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 21(6), 620-625.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283165fd1] [PMID: 18978530]
[49]
Petrikkos, G.; Skiada, A.; Lortholary, O.; Roilides, E.; Walsh, T.J.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mu-cormycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2012, 54(Suppl. 1), S23-S34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir866] [PMID: 22247442]
[50]
Walsh, T.J.; Gamaletsou, M.N.; McGinnis, M.R.; Hayden, R.T.; Kontoyiannis, D.P. Early clinical and laboratory diagnosis of invasive pulmonary, extrapulmonary, and disseminated mucormycosis (zygomycosis). Clin. Infect. Dis., 2012, 54(Suppl. 1), S55-S60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir868] [PMID: 22247446]
[51]
Skiada, A.; Lanternier, F.; Groll, A.H.; Pagano, L.; Zimmerli, S.; Herbrecht, R.; Lortholary, O.; Petrikkos, G.L. Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: Guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (EC-IL 3). Haematologica, 2013, 98(4), 492-504.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2012.065110] [PMID: 22983580]
[52]
De Pauw, B.; Walsh, T.J.; Donnelly, J.P.; Stevens, D.A.; Edwards, J.E.; Calandra, T.; Pappas, P.G.; Maertens, J.; Lortholary, O.; Kauffman, C.A.; Denning, D.W.; Patterson, T.F.; Maschmeyer, G.; Bille, J.; Dismukes, W.E.; Herbrecht, R.; Hope, W.W.; Kibbler, C.C.; Kullberg, B.J.; Marr, K.A.; Muñoz, P.; Odds, F.C.; Perfect, J.R.; Restrepo, A.; Ruhnke, M.; Segal, B.H.; Sobel, J.D.; Sorrell, T.C.; Viscoli, C.; Wingard, J.R.; Zaoutis, T.; Bennett, J.E. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 46(12), 1813-1821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588660] [PMID: 18462102]
[53]
Youssef, O.H.; Stefanyszyn, M.A.; Bilyk, J.R. Odontogenic orbital cellulitis. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2008, 24(1), 29-35.
[PMID: 18154930]
[54]
Hindustantimes 2021. Available from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/black-fungus-states-with-highest-number-of-mucormycosis-cases-101621559394002.html
[55]
Gianchandani, R.; Esfandiari, N.H.; Ang, L.; Iyengar, J.; Knotts, S.; Choksi, P.; Pop-Busui, R. Managing hyperglycemia in the COVID-19 inflammatory storm. Diabetes, 2020, 69(10), 2048-2053.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dbi20-0022] [PMID: 32778570]
[56]
Perappadan, B.S. Mucormycosis | ‘Avoid visiting damp and dusty places for a few weeks’ New Delhi: The Hindu; MAY 25, 2021. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mucormycosis-avoid-visiting-damp-and-dusty-places-for-a-few-weeks/article34642575.ece(Accessed on: May 25, 2021).
[57]
Center for Disease Control and Prevention Interim Guidance on Ending Isolation and Precautions for Adults with COVID-19; , 2021. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/duration-isolation.html
[58]
Ashique, S. ‘Mucormycosis’: A fungal infection threatening india during COVID-19′ - A review. Antiinfect. Agents, 2021, 20(1)e301121198413
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211352519666211130105217]
[59]
Tissot, F.; Agrawal, S.; Pagano, L.; Petrikkos, G.; Groll, A.H.; Skiada, A.; Lass-Flörl, C.; Calandra, T.; Viscoli, C.; Herbrecht, R. ECIL-6 guide-lines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant pa-tients. Haematologica, 2017, 102(3), 433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.152900]
[60]
Mehta, S.; Pandey, A. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19. Cureus, 2020, 12(9)e10726
[PMID: 33145132]
[61]
Donnelley, M.A.; Zhu, E.S.; Thompson, G.R., III Isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections. Infect. Drug Resist., 2016, 9, 79-86.
[PMID: 27330318]
[62]
Van Daele, R.; Spriet, I.; Wauters, J.; Maertens, J.; Mercier, T.; Van Hecke, S.; Brüggemann, R. Antifungal drugs: What brings the future? Med. Mycol., 2019, 57(Suppl. 3), S328-S343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz012] [PMID: 31292663]
[63]
Gebremariam, T.; Alkhazraji, S.; Soliman, S.S.M.; Gu, Y.; Jeon, H.H.; Zhang, L.; French, S.W.; Stevens, D.A.; Edwards, J.E., Jr; Filler, S.G.; Uppuluri, P.; Ibrahim, A.S. Anti-CotH3 antibodies protect mice from mucormycosis by prevention of invasion and augmenting op-sonophagocytosis. Sci. Adv., 2019, 5(6)eaaw1327
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1327] [PMID: 31206021]
[64]
Cornely, O.A.; Alastruey-Izquierdo, A.; Arenz, D.; Chen, S.C.A.; Dannaoui, E.; Hochhegger, B.; Hoenigl, M.; Jensen, H.E.; Lagrou, K.; Lewis, R.E.; Mellinghoff, S.C.; Mer, M.; Pana, Z.D.; Seidel, D.; Sheppard, D.C.; Wahba, R.; Akova, M.; Alanio, A.; Al-Hatmi, A.M.S. Ari-kan-Akdagli, S.; Badali, H.; Ben-Ami, R.; Bonifaz, A.; Bretagne, S.; Castagnola, E.; Chayakulkeeree, M.; Colombo, A.L.; Corzo-León, D.E.; Drgona, L.; Groll, A.H.; Guinea, J.; Heussel, C.P.; Ibrahim, A.S.; Kanj, S.S.; Klimko, N.; Lackner, M.; Lamoth, F.; Lanternier, F.; Lass-Floerl, C.; Lee, D.G.; Lehrnbecher, T.; Lmimouni, B.E.; Mares, M.; Maschmeyer, G.; Meis, J.F.; Meletiadis, J.; Morrissey, C.O.; Nucci, M.; Oladele, R.; Pagano, L.; Pasqualotto, A.; Patel, A.; Racil, Z.; Richardson, M.; Roilides, E.; Ruhnke, M.; Seyedmousavi, S.; Si-dharthan, N.; Singh, N.; Sinko, J.; Skiada, A.; Slavin, M.; Soman, R.; Spellberg, B.; Steinbach, W.; Tan, B.H.; Ullmann, A.J.; Vehreschild, J.J.; Vehreschild, M.J.G.T.; Walsh, T.J.; White, P.L.; Wiederhold, N.P.; Zaoutis, T.; Chakrabarti, A. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: An initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2019, 19(12), e405-e421.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3] [PMID: 31699664]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
43
2
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy