Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants

Author(s): Majid Firouzi, Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh* and Shiva Shafizadeh

Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022

Published on: 29 January, 2021

Article ID: e160921190908 Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210129145317

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
conference banner
Abstract

Certain infectious diseases are more common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.

Keywords: Viral infections, vaccines, infancy, childhood, mortality, infectious diseases.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Yu, J.C.; Khodadadi, H.; Malik, A.; Davidson, B.; Salles, É.D.S.L.; Bhatia, J.; Hale, V.L.; Baban, B. Innate Immunity of Neonates and Infants. Front. Immunol., 2018, 9, 1759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01759] [PMID: 30105028]
[2]
Zunt, J.R.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Blake, N.; Glennie, L.; Wright, C.; Nichols, E. GBD 2016 Meningitis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 2018, 17(12), 1061-1082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30387-9] [PMID: 30507391]
[3]
Cromer, D.; van Hoek, A.J.; Newall, A.T.; Pollard, A.J.; Jit, M. Burden of paediatric respiratory syncytial virus disease and potential effect of different immunisation strategies: a modelling and cost-effectiveness analysis for England. Lancet Public Health, 2017, 2(8), e367-e374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30103-2] [PMID: 28804787]
[4]
Sherkatolabbasieh, H.; Firouzi, M.; Shafizadeh, S. Evaluation of platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels in paediatric patients with inflammatory and infectious disease. New Microbes New Infect., 2020, 37, 100725.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100725] [PMID: 32774868]
[5]
Finger-Jardim, F.; Avila, E.C.; da Hora, V.P.; Goncalves, C.V.; de Martinez, A.M.B.; Soares, M.A. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 at maternal and fetal sides of the placenta in asymptomatic pregnant women. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, NY : 1989)., 2017, 78(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aji.12689]
[6]
Walls, T; McSweeney, A; Anderson, T; Jennings, LC Multiplex-PCR for the detection of viruses in the CSF of infants and young children. 2017, 89(3), 559-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24461]
[7]
Bont, L.; Checchia, P.A.; Fauroux, B.; Figueras-Aloy, J.; Manzoni, P.; Paes, B.; Simões, E.A.; Carbonell-Estrany, X. Defining the Epidemiology and Burden of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Among Infants and Children in Western Countries. Infect. Dis. Ther., 2016, 5(3), 271-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40121-016-0123-0] [PMID: 27480325]
[8]
Saha, S.K.; Schrag, S.J.; El Arifeen, S.; Mullany, L.C.; Shahidul Islam, M.; Shang, N.; Qazi, S.A.; Zaidi, A.K.M.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Bose, A.; Panigrahi, P.; Soofi, S.B.; Connor, N.E.; Mitra, D.K.; Isaac, R.; Winchell, J.M.; Arvay, M.L.; Islam, M.; Shafiq, Y.; Nisar, I.; Baloch, B.; Kabir, F.; Ali, M.; Diaz, M.H.; Satpathy, R.; Nanda, P.; Padhi, B.K.; Parida, S.; Hotwani, A.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Ahmed, S.; Belal Hossain, M.; Ariff, S.; Ahmed, I.; Ibne Moin, S.M.; Mahmud, A.; Waller, J.L.; Rafiqullah, I.; Quaiyum, M.A.; Begum, N.; Balaji, V.; Halen, J.; Nawshad Uddin Ahmed, A.S.M.; Weber, M.W.; Hamer, D.H.; Hibberd, P.L.; Sadeq-Ur Rahman, Q.; Mogan, V.R.; Hossain, T.; McGee, L.; Anandan, S.; Liu, A.; Panigrahi, K.; Abraham, A.M.; Baqui, A.H. Causes and incidence of community-acquired serious infections among young children in south Asia (ANISA): an observational cohort study. Lancet, 2018, 392(10142), 145-159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31127-9] [PMID: 30025808]
[9]
Ghabouli Shahroodi, MJ; Ghazvini, K; Sadeghi, R; Sasan, MS Enteroviral Meningitis in Neonates and Children of Mashhad, Iran. Jundishapur journal of microbiology, 2016, 9(5), e19955.
[10]
Toivonen, L.; Schuez-Havupalo, L.; Karppinen, S.; Teros-Jaakkola, T.; Rulli, M.; Mertsola, J.; Waris, M.; Peltola, V. Rhinovirus Infections in the First 2 Years of Life. Pediatrics, 2016, 138(3), e20161309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1309] [PMID: 27581858]
[11]
Lopman, BA Global burden of norovirus and prospects for vaccine development. 2015.
[12]
Kumar, C.P.; Venkatasubramanian, S.; Kang, G.; Arora, R.; Mehendale, S. National Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Profile and Trends of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Under 5 children in India, 2012 - 2014, Preliminary Report of the Indian National Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Indian Pediatr., 2016, 53(7), 619-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-016-0897-x] [PMID: 27508539]
[13]
Balada-Llasat, J.M.; Rosenthal, N.; Hasbun, R.; Zimmer, L.; Bozzette, S.; Duff, S.; Chung, J.; Ginocchio, C.C. Cost of managing meningitis and encephalitis among infants and children in the United States. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2019, 93(4), 349-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.012] [PMID: 30442508]
[14]
George, B.P.; Schneider, E.B.; Venkatesan, A. Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000-2010. PLoS One, 2014, 9(9), e104169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104169] [PMID: 25192177]
[15]
Kulkarni, M.A.; Lecocq, A.C.; Artsob, H.; Drebot, M.A.; Ogden, N.H. Epidemiology and aetiology of encephalitis in Canada, 1994-2008: a case for undiagnosed arboviral agents? Epidemiol. Infect., 2013, 141(11), 2243-2255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095026881200252X] [PMID: 23148910]
[16]
Toczylowski, K.; Bojkiewicz, E.; Barszcz, M.; Wozinska-Klepadlo, M.; Potocka, P.; Sulik, A. Etiology, Clinical Presentation and Incidence of Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis in Polish Children. J. Clin. Med., 2020, 9(8), 2324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082324] [PMID: 32707777]
[17]
Takhar, S.S.; Ting, S.A.; Camargo, C.A., Jr; Pallin, D.J.U.S. U.S. emergency department visits for meningitis, 1993-2008. Acad. Emerg. Med., 2012, 19(6), 632-639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01377.x] [PMID: 22687178]
[18]
Joardar, S.; Joardar, G.K.; Mandal, P.K.; Mani, S. Meningitis in children: a study in medical college & hospital, Kolkata. Bangladesh. J. Child. Health, 2012, 36(1), 20-25.
[19]
Lundbo, L.F.; Benfield, T. Risk factors for community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Infect. Dis. (Lond.), 2017, 49(6), 433-444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2017.1285046] [PMID: 28301990]
[20]
Milne, G.J.; Halder, N.; Kelso, J.K.; Barr, I.G.; Moyes, J.; Kahn, K.; Twine, R.; Cohen, C. Trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccination effectiveness in Australia and South Africa: results from a modelling study. Influenza Other Respir. Viruses, 2016, 10(4), 324-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12367] [PMID: 26663701]
[21]
Liang, C.Y.; Yang, C.H.; Lin, J.N. Focal Encephalitis, Meningitis, and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Associated with Influenza A Infection. Medical principles and practice: international journal of the Kuwait University. Health Science Centre., 2018, 27(2), 193-196.
[22]
Sawardekar, K.P. Haemophilus influenzae Type a Meningitis in Immunocompetent Child, Oman, 2015. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2017, 23(7), 1221-1223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2307.170311] [PMID: 28628438]
[23]
Mohsenipour, R.; Gharib, B.; Eshaghi, H.; Rahmani, P. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Agents Causing Meningitis in Children Older than 1 Month. Drug Res. (Stuttg.), 2020, 70(4), 174-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1112-7006] [PMID: 32110818]
[24]
Zakhour, R.; Aguilera, E.; Hasbun, R.; Wootton, S.H. Risk Classification for Enteroviral Infection in Children With Meningitis and Negative Gram Stain. Pediatr. Emerg. Care, 2018, 34(11), 791-796.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000000912] [PMID: 27898578]
[25]
Tarai, B; Das, P. FilmArray(R) meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel, a rapid molecular platform for diagnosis of CNS infections in a tertiary care hospital in North India: one-and-half-year review. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology., 2019, 40(1), 81-8.
[26]
Balasubramanian, H.; Wagh, D.; Rao, S.; Keil, A.D.; McMichael, J. Developmental outcomes in cerebrospinal fluid proven enteroviral meningitis in neonates > 32 weeks of gestation. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 2016, 52(3), 327-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13083] [PMID: 27124842]
[27]
Park, SE; Shin, K; Song, D; Nam, SO; Kim, KM; Lyu, SY Comparison of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Levels in Children of Enteroviral Meningitis With Versus Without Pleocytosis. Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research., 2018, 38(8), 348-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2018.0002]
[28]
Song, J.Y.; Nam, S.O.; Kim, Y.A.; Kim, K.M.; Lyu, S.Y.; Ko, A.; Kim, Y.M.; Yeon, G.M.; Lee, Y.J. Cerebrospinal fluid non-pleocytosis in pediatric enteroviral meningitis: Large-scale review. Pediatr. Int. (Roma), 2018, 60(9), 855-861.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.13658] [PMID: 29998580]
[29]
Song, JY; Nam, SO; Kim, YA; Kim, KM; Lyu, SY; Ko, A Cerebrospinal fluid non-pleocytosis in pediatric enteroviral meningitis: Large-scale review. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society., 2018, 60(9), 855-61.
[30]
Nezami, A.; Tarhani, F.; Shoshtari, N.K. Organic Lesions in the Brain MRI of Children with Febrile Seizure. Current Medical Imaging, 2020.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405616666200226103615]
[31]
Braunova, A; Krbkova, L; Rainetova, P; Musilek, M; Capovova, I; Klapacova, L Clinical and laboratory characteristics of enteroviral meningitis in children, including qRT-PCR and sequencing analysis. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia., 2019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/bp.2018.082]
[32]
Shiohama, T; Omata, T; Muta, K; Kodama, K; Fujii, K; Shimojo, N. Focal Coxsackie virus B5 encephalitis with synchronous seizure cluster and eruption: Infantile case. 2016, 58(5), 415-7.
[33]
Rudolph, H; Prieto Dernbach, R; Walka, M; Rey-Hinterkopf, P; Melichar, V; Muschiol, E Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics during two major paediatric meningitis outbreaks of echovirus 30 and other non-polio enteroviruses in Germany in 2008 and 2013. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology., 2017, 36(9), 1651-60.
[34]
Aizawa, Y; Izumita, R; Saitoh, A. Human parechovirus type 3 infection: An emerging infection in neonates and young infants. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy., 2017, 23(7), 419-26.
[35]
Tan, N.W.; Lee, E.Y.; Khoo, G.M.; Tee, N.W.; Krishnamoorthy, S.; Choong, C.T. Cerebrospinal fluid white cell count: discriminatory or otherwise for enteroviral meningitis in infants and young children? J. Neurovirol., 2016, 22(2), 213-217.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13365-015-0387-2] [PMID: 26463525]
[36]
Renaud, C.; Harrison, C.J. Human Parechovirus 3: The Most Common Viral Cause of Meningoencephalitis in Young Infants. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am., 2015, 29(3), 415-428.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2015.05.005] [PMID: 26188604]
[37]
Melo, C.R.; Sá, M.C.; Carvalho, S. Erythema dyschromicum perstans in a child following an enteroviral meningitis. An. Bras. Dermatol., 2017, 92(1), 137-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.201745144] [PMID: 28225976]
[38]
Chakrabarti, P.; Warren, C.; Vincent, L.; Kumar, Y. Outcome of routine cerebrospinal fluid screening for enterovirus and human parechovirus infection among infants with sepsis-like illness or meningitis in Cornwall, UK. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2018, 177(10), 1523-1529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3209-8] [PMID: 30022279]
[39]
Bodilsen, J; Storgaard, M; Larsen, L; Wiese, L; Helweg-Larsen, J; Lebech, AM Infectious meningitis and encephalitis in adults in Denmark: a prospective nationwide observational cohort study (DASGIB). Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases., 2018, 24(10), 1102.
[40]
Jarrin, I.; Sellier, P.; Lopes, A.; Morgand, M.; Makovec, T.; Delcey, V.; Champion, K.; Simoneau, G.; Green, A.; Mouly, S.; Bergmann, J.F.; Lloret-Linares, C. Etiologies and Management of Aseptic Meningitis in Patients Admitted to an Internal Medicine Department. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(2), e2372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002372] [PMID: 26765411]
[41]
Nakamura, Y; Nakajima, H; Kano, Y; Unoda, K; Ishida, S; Kimura, F Herpes simplex virus type 2-associated recurrent aseptic meningitis (Mollaret's meningitis) with a recurrence after 11-year interval: a case report. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology., 2016, 56(11), 785-7.
[42]
Kaewpoowat, Q.; Salazar, L.; Aguilera, E.; Wootton, S.H.; Hasbun, R. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes. Infection, 2016, 44(3), 337-345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0867-6] [PMID: 26680781]
[43]
Lind, L.; Studahl, M.; Persson Berg, L.; Eriksson, K. CXCL11 production in cerebrospinal fluid distinguishes herpes simplex meningitis from herpes simplex encephalitis. J. Neuroinflammation, 2017, 14(1), 134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-017-0907-5] [PMID: 28693588]
[44]
Cunha, B.A.; Baron, J. The pharmacokinetic basis of oral valacyclovir treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) meningitis, meningoencephalitis or encephalitis in adults. J. Chemother., 2017, 29(2), 122-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1973947815Y.0000000065] [PMID: 26239190]
[45]
Yeung, M.W.; Shing, E.; Nelder, M.; Sander, B. Epidemiologic and clinical parameters of West Nile virus infections in humans: a scoping review. BMC Infect. Dis., 2017, 17(1), 609.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2637-9] [PMID: 28877682]
[46]
Sejvar, J.J. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of West Nile virus infection. Viruses, 2014, 6(2), 606-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6020606] [PMID: 24509812]
[47]
Harada, K.; Sekiya, N.; Ikegawa, S.; Sasaki, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Ohashi, K. Cytomegalovirus meningitis in a patient with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Int. J. Hematol., 2019, 109(2), 233-238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12185-018-2544-x] [PMID: 30291557]
[48]
Frange, P.; Boutolleau, D.; Leruez-Ville, M.; Touzot, F.; Cros, G.; Heritier, S.; Moshous, D.; Neven, B.; Fischer, A.; Blanche, S. Temporal and spatial compartmentalization of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a child with CMV meningoencephalitis: implications for sampling in molecular diagnosis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2013, 51(12), 4266-4269.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02411-13] [PMID: 24108608]
[49]
Vicetti Miguel, C.P.; Mejias, A.; Ramilo, O.; Ardura, M.I.; Sánchez, P.J. Cytomegalovirus Meningitis in an Infant with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. J. Pediatr., 2016, 173, 235-237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.054] [PMID: 26996725]
[50]
Yagmur, G.; Ziyade, N.; Elgormus, N.; Das, T.; Sahin, M.F.; Yildirim, M.; Ozgun, A.; Akcay, A.; Karayel, F.; Koc, S. Postmortem diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and accompanying other infection agents by real-time PCR in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). J. Forensic Leg. Med., 2016, 38, 18-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.008] [PMID: 26694873]
[51]
Mangus, L.M.; Beck, S.E.; Queen, S.E.; Brill, S.A.; Shirk, E.N.; Metcalf Pate, K.A.; Muth, D.C.; Adams, R.J.; Gama, L.; Clements, J.E.; Mankowski, J.L. Lymphocyte-Dominant Encephalitis and Meningitis in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Am. J. Pathol., 2018, 188(1), 125-134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.035] [PMID: 29229308]
[52]
Kolson, D. Neurologic Complications in Persons With HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Top. Antivir. Med., 2017, 25(3), 97-101.
[PMID: 28820724]
[53]
Jun, JB; Choi, Y; Kim, H; Lee, SH; Jeong, J BK polyomavirus encephalitis in a patient with thrombotic microangiopathy after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society., 2016, 18(6), 950-3.
[54]
Antoniolli, L.; Borges, R.; Goldani, L.Z. BK Virus Encephalitis in HIV-Infected Patients: Case Report and Review. Case Rep. Med., 2017, 2017, 4307468.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4307468] [PMID: 28326104]
[55]
Rudan, I.; O’Brien, K.L.; Nair, H.; Liu, L.; Theodoratou, E.; Qazi, S.; Lukšić, I.; Fischer Walker, C.L.; Black, R.E.; Campbell, H. Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG). Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia in 2010: estimates of incidence, severe morbidity, mortality, underlying risk factors and causative pathogens for 192 countries. J. Glob. Health, 2013, 3(1), 010401.
[PMID: 23826505]
[56]
Tregoning, J.S.; Schwarze, J. Respiratory viral infections in infants: causes, clinical symptoms, virology, and immunology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2010, 23(1), 74-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00032-09] [PMID: 20065326]
[57]
Liu, G.S.; Niu, P.H.; Zhao, S.C.; Lu, R.J.; Tan, W.J. Detection of six common human paramyxoviruses in patients with acute febrile respiratory symptoms using a novel multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay. J. Med. Virol., 2019, 91(4), 564-569.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25350] [PMID: 30358912]
[58]
Shi, T.; Balsells, E.; Wastnedge, E.; Singleton, R.; Rasmussen, Z.A.; Zar, H.J.; Rath, B.A.; Madhi, S.A.; Campbell, S.; Vaccari, L.C.; Bulkow, L.R.; Thomas, E.D.; Barnett, W.; Hoppe, C.; Campbell, H.; Nair, H. Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children under five years: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Glob. Health, 2015, 5(2), 020416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.05.020416] [PMID: 26682048]
[59]
Ujunwa, F.; Ezeonu, C. Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Under-five Children in Enugu Southeast Nigeria. Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res., 2014, 4(1), 95-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2141-9248.126610] [PMID: 24669339]
[60]
Tazinya, A.A.; Halle-Ekane, G.E.; Mbuagbaw, L.T.; Abanda, M.; Atashili, J.; Obama, M.T. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children under five years attending the Bamenda Regional Hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pulm. Med., 2018, 18(1), 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0579-7] [PMID: 29338717]
[61]
Ma, X.; Conrad, T.; Alchikh, M.; Reiche, J.; Schweiger, B.; Rath, B. Can we distinguish respiratory viral infections based on clinical features? A prospective pediatric cohort compared to systematic literature review. Rev. Med. Virol., 2018, 28(5), e1997.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1997] [PMID: 30043515]
[62]
Caserta, M.T.; Yang, H.; Gill, S.R.; Holden-Wiltse, J.; Pryhuber, G. Viral Respiratory Infections in Preterm Infants during and after Hospitalization. J. Pediatr., 2017, 182, 53-58.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.077] [PMID: 28041669]
[63]
Cortjens, B.; Ingelse, S.A.; Calis, J.C.; Vlaar, A.P.; Koenderman, L.; Bem, R.A.; van Woensel, J.B. Neutrophil subset responses in infants with severe viral respiratory infection. Clin. Immunol., 2017, 176, 100-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.012] [PMID: 28108365]
[64]
Sherkatolabbasieh, H.; Firouzi, M.; Shafizadeh, S.; Nekohid, M. Evaluation of the relationship between vitamin D levels and prevalence of urinary tract infections in children. New Microbes New Infect., 2020, 37, 100728.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100728] [PMID: 32802335]
[65]
Cockerill, G.S.; Good, J.A.D.; Mathews, N. State of the Art in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Drug Discovery and Development. J. Med. Chem., 2019, 62(7), 3206-3227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01361] [PMID: 30411898]
[66]
Mansbach, J.M.; Clark, S.; Teach, S.J.; Gern, J.E.; Piedra, P.A.; Sullivan, A.F.; Espinola, J.A.; Camargo, C.A., Jr Children Hospitalized with Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis Have Asthma-Like Characteristics. J. Pediatr., 2016, 172, 202-204.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.01.041] [PMID: 26875009]
[67]
Green, C.A.; Sande, C.J.; de Lara, C.; Thompson, A.J.; Silva-Reyes, L.; Napolitano, F.; Pierantoni, A.; Capone, S.; Vitelli, A.; Klenerman, P.; Pollard, A.J. Humoral and cellular immunity to RSV in infants, children and adults. Vaccine, 2018, 36(41), 6183-6190.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.056] [PMID: 30177258]
[68]
Korsten, K.; Blanken, M.O.; Buiteman, B.J.M.; Nibbelke, E.E.; Naaktgeboren, C.A.; Bont, L.J.; Wildenbeest, J.G. RSV hospitalization in infancy increases the risk of current wheeze at age 6 in late preterm born children without atopic predisposition. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2019, 178(4), 455-462.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-03309-0] [PMID: 30637465]
[69]
Science, M.; Akseer, N.; Asner, S.; Allen, U. Risk stratification of immunocompromised children, including pediatric transplant recipients at risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. Pediatr. Transplant., 2019, 23(2), e13336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/petr.13336] [PMID: 30604582]
[70]
Cerone, JB; Santos, RP; Tristram, D; Lamson, DM; Stellrecht, KA; St George, K Incidence of respiratory viral infection in infants with respiratory symptoms evaluated for late-onset sepsis. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association., 2017, 37(8), 922-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jp.2017.69]
[71]
Trang, TP; Whalen, M; Hilts-Horeczko, A; Doernberg, SB; Liu, C Comparative effectiveness of aerosolized versus oral ribavirin for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections: A single-center retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society., 2018, 20(2), e12844.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tid.12844]
[72]
Detalle, L.; Stohr, T.; Palomo, C.; Piedra, P.A.; Gilbert, B.E.; Mas, V.; Millar, A.; Power, U.F.; Stortelers, C.; Allosery, K.; Melero, J.A.; Depla, E. Generation and Characterization of ALX-0171, a Potent Novel Therapeutic Nanobody for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2015, 60(1), 6-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01802-15] [PMID: 26438495]
[73]
Cieślak, K.; Szymański, K.; Kowalczyk, D.; Brydak, L.B. Influenza and Influenza-like Viruses in Children in the Epidemic Season 2015/2016 in Poland. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2017, 968, 13-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_178] [PMID: 28039664]
[74]
Szymański, K.; Cieślak, K.; Kowalczyk, D.; Brydak, L.B. Co-infection with Influenza Viruses and Influenza-Like Virus During the 2015/2016 Epidemic Season. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2017, 968, 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_182] [PMID: 28181195]
[75]
Vuichard-Gysin, D.; Mertz, D.; Pullenayegum, E.; Singh, P.; Smieja, M.; Loeb, M. Development and validation of clinical prediction models to distinguish influenza from other viruses causing acute respiratory infections in children and adults. PLoS One, 2019, 14(2), e0212050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212050] [PMID: 30742654]
[76]
Moradniani, M.; Firouzi, M.; Baharvand, S.P.; Maleki, H.; Ghaderi, S.; Sherkatolabbasieh, H. A randomized clinical trial; co levofloxacin based sequential based sequential versus triple Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench, 2018, 11, 19-26.
[PMID: 29564061]
[77]
Francis, M.E.; King, M.L.; Kelvin, A.A. Back to the Future for Influenza Preimmunity-Looking Back at Influenza Virus History to Infer the Outcome of Future Infections. Viruses, 2019, 11(2), 122.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020122] [PMID: 30704019]
[78]
Chon, I.; Saito, R.; Hibino, A.; Yagami, R.; Dapat, C.; Odagiri, T.; Kondo, H.; Sato, I.; Kimura, S.; Kawashima, T.; Kodo, N.; Masaki, H.; Asoh, N.; Tsuchihashi, Y.; Zaraket, H.; Shobugawa, Y. Effectiveness of the quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in Japan during the 2015-2016 season: A test-negative case-control study comparing the results by real time PCR, virus isolation. Vaccine X, 2019, 1, 100011.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100011] [PMID: 31384733]
[79]
Pomeranz, G.; Pando, R.; Hindiyeh, M.; Sherbany, H.; Meningher, T.; Sharabi, S.; Kolet, L.; Pomeranz, A.; Mendelson, E.; Mandelboim, M. Rhinovirus infections in infants suggest that early detection can prevent unnecessary treatment. J. Clin. Virol., 2019, 115, 11-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.012] [PMID: 30952067]
[80]
Tran, D.N.; Trinh, Q.D.; Pham, N.T.K.; Pham, T.M.H.; Ha, M.T.; Nguyen, T.Q.N.; Okitsu, S.; Shimizu, H.; Hayakawa, S.; Mizuguchi, M.; Ushijima, H. Human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized children: clinical, epidemiological and virological features. Epidemiol. Infect., 2016, 144(2), 346-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815000953] [PMID: 26112743]
[81]
Blaas, D.; Fuchs, R. Mechanism of human rhinovirus infections. Mol. Cell Pediatr., 2016, 3(1), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40348-016-0049-3] [PMID: 27251607]
[82]
Nicholson, E.G.; Avadhanula, V.; Ferlic-Stark, L.; Patel, K.; Gincoo, K.E.; Piedra, P.A. The Risk of Serious Bacterial Infection in Febrile Infants 0-90 Days of Life With a Respiratory Viral Infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2019, 38(4), 355-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002165] [PMID: 30882724]
[83]
Blaschke, A.J.; Korgenski, E.K.; Wilkes, J.; Presson, A.P.; Thorell, E.A.; Pavia, A.T.; Knackstedt, E.D.; Reynolds, C.; Schunk, J.E.; Daly, J.A.; Byington, C.L. Rhinovirus in Febrile Infants and Risk of Bacterial Infection. Pediatrics, 2018, 141(2), e20172384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2384] [PMID: 29343585]
[84]
Rahmani, P.; Moradzadeh, A.; Farahmand, F. Giving probiotics to your children for gastrointestinal problems: In the light of scientific findings. PharmaNutrition, 2019, 10, 100164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100164]
[85]
Guarino, A.; Aguilar, J.; Berkley, J.; Broekaert, I.; Vazquez-Frias, R.; Holtz, L.; Lo Vecchio, A.; Meskini, T.; Moore, S.; Rivera Medina, J.F.; Sandhu, B.; Smarrazzo, A.; Szajewska, H.; Treepongkaruna, S. Acute Gastroenteritis in Children of the World: What Needs to Be Done? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 2020, 70(5), 694-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002669] [PMID: 32079974]
[86]
Arowolo, K.O.; Ayolabi, C.I.; Lapinski, B.; Santos, J.S.; Raboni, S.M. Epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria. J. Med. Virol., 2019, 91(6), 1022-1029.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25399] [PMID: 30636345]
[87]
Freeland, A.L.; Vaughan, G.H., Jr; Banerjee, S.N. Acute Gastroenteritis on Cruise Ships - United States, 2008-2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 2016, 65(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6501a1] [PMID: 26766396]
[88]
Lin, H-Y.; Lai, H-H.; Elaine Chen, Y.F.; Chao, H-C.; Tsai, C-N.; Chang, Y-J. Clinical significance of the fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) secretor status in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Taiwan. J. Formos. Med. Assoc., 2020.
[PMID: 32448707]
[89]
Payne, D.C.; Currier, R.L.; Staat, M.A.; Sahni, L.C.; Selvarangan, R.; Halasa, N.B.; Englund, J.A.; Weinberg, G.A.; Boom, J.A.; Szilagyi, P.G.; Klein, E.J.; Chappell, J.; Harrison, C.J.; Davidson, B.S.; Mijatovic-Rustempasic, S.; Moffatt, M.D.; McNeal, M.; Wikswo, M.; Bowen, M.D.; Morrow, A.L.; Parashar, U.D. Epidemiologic Association Between FUT2 Secretor Status and Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children in the United States. JAMA Pediatr., 2015, 169(11), 1040-1045.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2002] [PMID: 26389824]
[90]
Shah, M.P.; Hall, A.J. Norovirus Illnesses in Children and Adolescents. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am., 2018, 32(1), 103-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.004] [PMID: 29406972]
[91]
Mokomane, M.; Kasvosve, I.; de Melo, E.; Pernica, J.M.; Goldfarb, D.M. The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management. Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis., 2018, 5(1), 29-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936117744429] [PMID: 29344358]
[92]
Huppertz, H-I.; Salman, N.; Giaquinto, C. Risk Factors for Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2008, 27(1)
[93]
Salim, H.; Karyana, I.P.G.; Sanjaya-Putra, I.G.N.; Budiarsa, S.; Soenarto, Y. Risk factors of rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar: a prospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol., 2014, 14(1), 54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-14-54] [PMID: 24669783]
[94]
Plenge-Bönig, A.; Soto-Ramírez, N.; Karmaus, W.; Petersen, G.; Davis, S.; Forster, J. Breastfeeding protects against acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in infants. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2010, 169(12), 1471-1476.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1245-0] [PMID: 20617343]
[95]
Saluja, T.; Dhingra, M.S.; Sharma, S.D.; Gupta, M.; Kundu, R.; Kar, S.; Dutta, A.K.; Silveira, M.D.; Singh, J.V.; Kamath, V.G.; Chaudhary, A.; Rao, V.; Ravi, M.D.; Murthy, K.; Arumugam, R.; Moureau, A.; Prasad, R.; Patnaik, B.N. Association of rotavirus strains and severity of gastroenteritis in Indian children. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2017, 13(3), 711-716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1238994] [PMID: 27686522]
[96]
Ianiro, G.; Delogu, R.; Fiore, L.; Monini, M.; Ruggeri, F.M. Group A rotavirus genotypes in hospital-acquired gastroenteritis in Italy, 2012-14. J. Hosp. Infect., 2017, 96(3), 262-267.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.04.004] [PMID: 28446379]
[97]
Kawamura, Y.; Miura, H.; Mori, Y.; Sugata, K.; Nakajima, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; Morooka, M.; Tsuge, I.; Yoshikawa, A.; Taniguchi, K.; Yoshikawa, T. Three infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis complicated by severe gastrointestinal bleeding. J. Med. Virol., 2016, 88(1), 171-174.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24297] [PMID: 26100228]
[98]
Crawford, S.E.; Ramani, S.; Tate, J.E.; Parashar, U.D.; Svensson, L.; Hagbom, M.; Franco, M.A.; Greenberg, H.B.; O’Ryan, M.; Kang, G.; Desselberger, U.; Estes, M.K. Rotavirus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, 2017, 3, 17083.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.83] [PMID: 29119972]
[99]
Wandera, E.A.; Mohammad, S.; Bundi, M.; Komoto, S.; Nyangao, J.; Kathiiko, C.; Odoyo, E.; Miring’u, G.; Taniguchi, K.; Ichinose, Y. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus and all-cause gastroenteritis in peri-urban Kenyan children. Vaccine, 2017, 35(38), 5217-5223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.096] [PMID: 28780116]
[100]
Enweronu-Laryea, C.C.; Armah, G.; Sagoe, K.W.; Ansong, D.; Addo-Yobo, E.; Diamenu, S.K.; Mwenda, J.M.; Parashar, U.D.; Tate, J.E. Sustained impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations in children <5 years of age, Ghana, 2009-2016. Vaccine, 2018, 36(47), 7131-7134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.058] [PMID: 29752020]
[101]
Tsolenyanu, E.; Djadou, K.E.; Fiawoo, M.; Akolly, D.A.E.; Mwenda, J.M.; Leshem, E.; Tate, J.E.; Aliabadi, N.; Koudema, W.; Guedenon, K.M.; Godonou, M.; Dagnra, A.; Gbadoe, A.D.; Boko, A.; Landoh, D.; Atakouma, Y.; Parashar, U.D. Evidence of the impact of monovalent rotavirus vaccine on childhood acute gastroenteritis hospitalization in Togo. Vaccine, 2018, 36(47), 7185-7191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.058] [PMID: 29397224]
[102]
Cortese, MM; Parashar, UD Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report Recommendations and reports., 2009, 58(Rr-2), 1-25.
[103]
Layton, J.B.; Butler, A.M.; Panozzo, C.A.; Brookhart, M.A. Rotavirus vaccination and short-term risk of adverse events in US infants. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol., 2018, 32(5), 448-457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12496] [PMID: 30048564]
[104]
Jobran, S.; Kattan, R.; Shamaa, J.; Marzouqa, H.; Hindiyeh, M. Adenovirus respiratory tract infections in infants: a retrospective chart-review study. Lancet, 2018, 391(Suppl. 2), S43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30409-4] [PMID: 29553443]
[105]
Xu, L.; Liu, J.; Liu, C.; Duan, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Xu, B.; Xie, Z. Case-control study of the epidemiological and clinical features of human adenovirus 55 and human adenovirus 7 infection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China, 2008-2013. BMC Infect. Dis., 2018, 18(1), 634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3520-z] [PMID: 30526511]
[106]
Rajkumar, V.; Chiang, C.S.; Low, J.M.; Cui, L.; Lin, R.T.; Tee, N.W.; Maiwald, M.; Chong, C.Y.; Thoon, K.C.; Tan, N.W. Risk Factors for Severe Adenovirus Infection in Children during an Outbreak in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 2015, 44(2), 50-59.
[PMID: 25797817]
[107]
Rodríguez-Martínez, C.E.; Rodríguez, D.A.; Nino, G. Respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, and mixed acute lower respiratory infections in children in a developing country. J. Med. Virol., 2015, 87(5), 774-781.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24139] [PMID: 25648409]
[108]
Celik, C; Gozel, MG; Turkay, H; Bakici, MZ; Guven, AS; Elaldi, N Rotavirus and adenovirus gastroenteritis: time series analysis. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society., 2015, 57(4), 590-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.12592]
[109]
Portes, S.A.; Volotão, Ede.M.; Rocha, M.S.; Rebelo, M.C.; Xavier, Mda.P.; Assis, R.M.; Rose, T.L.; Miagostovich, M.P.; Leite, J.P.; Carvalho-Costa, F.A. A non-enteric adenovirus A12 gastroenteritis outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 2016, 111(6), 403-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760160030] [PMID: 27223654]
[110]
Jang, J.; Lee, Y.J.; Kim, J.S.; Chung, J.Y.; Chang, S.; Lee, K.; Choe, B.H.; Hong, S.J.; Song, J.S.; Park, K.Y. Epidemiological Correlation between Fecal Adenovirus Subgroups and Pediatric Intussusception in Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2017, 32(10), 1647-1656.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.10.1647] [PMID: 28875609]
[111]
Ukarapol, N.; Khamrin, P.; Khorana, J.; Singhavejsakul, J.; Damrongmanee, A.; Maneekarn, N. Adenovirus infection: A potential risk for developing intussusception in pediatric patients. J. Med. Virol., 2016, 88(11), 1930-1935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24553] [PMID: 27097123]
[112]
El-Serag, H.B. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology, 2012, 142(6), 1264-1273.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.061] [PMID: 22537432]
[113]
Nelson, N.P.; Easterbrook, P.J.; McMahon, B.J. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination on disease. Clin. Liver Dis., 2016, 20(4), 607-628.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.006] [PMID: 27742003]
[114]
Locarnini, S.; Hatzakis, A.; Chen, D-S.; Lok, A. Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs. J. Hepatol., 2015, 62(1)(Suppl.), S76-S86.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.018] [PMID: 25920093]
[115]
Chang, M-H.; Chen, D.S. Prevention of hepatitis B. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2015, 5(3), a021493.
[116]
Chang, M-H.; You, S-L.; Chen, C-J.; Liu, C-J.; Lai, M-W.; Wu, T-C.; Wu, S.F.; Lee, C.M.; Yang, S.S.; Chu, H.C.; Wang, T.E.; Chen, B.W.; Chuang, W.L.; Soon, M.S.; Lin, C.Y.; Chiou, S.T.; Kuo, H.S.; Chen, D.S. Long-term Effects of Hepatitis B Immunization of Infants in Preventing Liver Cancer. Gastroenterology, 2016, 151(3), 472-480.e1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.05.048] [PMID: 27269245]
[117]
Wang, J.; He, Y.; Jin, D.; Liu, J.; Zheng, J.; Yuan, N.; Bai, Y.; Yan, T.; Yang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, T. No response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBsAg(+) mothers is associated to the transplacental transfer of HBsAg. Infect. Dis. (Lond.), 2017, 49(8), 576-583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2017.1292541] [PMID: 28276802]
[118]
Honegger, J.; Crim, L.; Gowda, C.; Sanchez, P.J. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Detection of Vertically Acquired Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection in Early Infancy. Open Forum Infectious Diseases., 2018, 5(1), S654-S.
[119]
Espinosa, C.; Jhaveri, R.; Barritt, A.S., IV Unique Challenges of Hepatitis C in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Clin. Ther., 2018, 40(8), 1299-1307.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.07.010] [PMID: 30107999]
[120]
Lo Presti, C.; Curti, C.; Montana, M.; Bornet, C.; Vanelle, P. Chickenpox: An update. Med. Mal. Infect., 2019, 49(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.395] [PMID: 29789159]
[121]
Wutzler, P.; Bonanni, P.; Burgess, M.; Gershon, A.; Sáfadi, M.A.; Casabona, G. Varicella vaccination - the global experience. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 2017, 16(8), 833-843.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2017.1343669] [PMID: 28644696]
[122]
Rodriguez-Santana, Y.; Sanchez-Almeida, E.; Garcia-Vera, C.; Garcia-Ventura, M.; Martinez-Espligares, L.; Abad-Balaguer, B. PAPenRED. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the approach to infant chickenpox in primary care. Eur. J. Pediatr., 2019, 178(5), 641-648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-019-03332-9] [PMID: 30767142]
[123]
Bakker, K.M.; Martinez-Bakker, M.E.; Helm, B.; Stevenson, T.J. Digital epidemiology reveals global childhood disease seasonality and the effects of immunization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2016, 113(24), 6689-6694.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523941113] [PMID: 27247405]
[124]
Hoseini, S.G.; Kelishadi, R.; Kasaeian, A.; Ataei, B.; Yaran, M.; Motlagh, M.E.; Heshmat, R.; Ardalan, G.; Safari, O.; Qorbani, M.; Mostafavi, S.N. Seroprevalence and risk factors of varicella zoster infection in Iranian adolescents: A multilevel analysis; the CASPIAN-III study. PLoS One, 2016, 11(6), e0158398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158398] [PMID: 27355931]
[125]
Krauer, F; Riesen, M; Reveiz, L; Oladapo, OT; Martínez-Vega, R; Porgo, TV Zika Virus Infection as a Cause of Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Systematic Review. PLoS medicine., 2017, 14(1), e1002203.
[126]
Hills, SL; Fischer, M; Petersen, LR Epidemiology of Zika Virus Infection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases., 2017, 216(10), S868-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix434]
[127]
McNeil, C.J.; Shetty, A.K. Zika Virus: A Serious Global Health Threat. J. Trop. Pediatr., 2017, 63(3), 242-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmw080] [PMID: 27923889]
[128]
Maslow, J.N. Vaccines for emerging infectious diseases: Lessons from MERS coronavirus and Zika virus. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2017, 13(12), 2918-2930.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1358325] [PMID: 28846484]
[129]
de Araújo, T.V.B.; Ximenes, R.A.A.; Miranda-Filho, D.B.; Souza, W.V.; Montarroyos, U.R.; de Melo, A.P.L.; Valongueiro, S.; de Albuquerque, M.F.P.M.; Braga, C.; Filho, S.P.B.; Cordeiro, M.T.; Vazquez, E.; Cruz, D.D.C.S.; Henriques, C.M.P.; Bezerra, L.C.A.; Castanha, P.M.D.S.; Dhalia, R.; Marques-Júnior, E.T.A.; Martelli, C.M.T.; Rodrigues, L.C. investigators from the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group; Brazilian Ministry of Health; Pan American Health Organization; Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira; State Health Department of Pernambuco. Association between microcephaly, Zika virus infection, and other risk factors in Brazil: final report of a case-control study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2018, 18(3), 328-336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30727-2] [PMID: 29242091]
[130]
Zambrana, J.V.; Bustos Carrillo, F.; Burger-Calderon, R.; Collado, D.; Sanchez, N.; Ojeda, S.; Carey Monterrey, J.; Plazaola, M.; Lopez, B.; Arguello, S.; Elizondo, D.; Aviles, W.; Coloma, J.; Kuan, G.; Balmaseda, A.; Gordon, A.; Harris, E. Seroprevalence, risk factor, and spatial analyses of Zika virus infection after the 2016 epidemic in Managua, Nicaragua. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2018, 115(37), 9294-9299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804672115] [PMID: 30150394]
[131]
Santos, C.N.O.; Ribeiro, D.R.; Cardoso Alves, J.; Cazzaniga, R.A.; Magalhães, L.S.; de Souza, M.S.F.; Fonseca, A.B.L.; Bispo, A.J.B.; Porto, R.L.S.; Santos, C.A.D.; da Silva, Â.M.; Teixeira, M.M.; de Almeida, R.P.; de Jesus, A.R. Association Between Zika Virus Microcephaly in Newborns With the rs3775291 Variant in Toll-Like Receptor 3 and rs1799964 Variant at Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene. J. Infect. Dis., 2019, 220(11), 1797-1801.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz392] [PMID: 31352487]
[132]
Martin, P. Interventions for molluscum contagiosum in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review. 2016, 55(9), 956-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.13267]
[133]
Olsen, J.R.; Gallacher, J.; Piguet, V.; Francis, N.A. Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children: a systematic review. Fam. Pract., 2014, 31(2), 130-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmt075] [PMID: 24297468]
[134]
Schofield, J.K.; Fleming, D.; Grindlay, D.; Williams, H. Skin conditions are the commonest new reason people present to general practitioners in England and Wales. Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 165(5), 1044-1050.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10464.x] [PMID: 21692764]
[135]
Manti, S.; Amorini, M.; Cuppari, C.; Salpietro, A.; Porcino, F.; Leonardi, S.; Giudice, M.M.D.; Marseglia, G.; Caimmi, D.P.; Salpietro, C. Filaggrin mutations and Molluscum contagiosum skin infection in patients with atopic dermatitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2017, 119(5), 446-451.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.019] [PMID: 28866311]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
26
1
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy