Nanocoatings Nanosystems Nanotechnologies

In this Chapter, general information about a nanosized structure is presented, as well as terms and definitions are introduced. Effect of the nanostructure on mechanical, thermo-dynamical, electrical, and magnetic properties of materials is described. Questions for self-control are presented at the end of this Chapter.

This Chapter describes a whole complex of nanoporous materials. A classification of porous material (an inside pore, an opened pore, a perforating pore, an opened-line-end pore) is considered. Three different ways of interaction of the nanoporous material with a surrounding medium are demonstrated: a-adsorption; b-filtration, c-catalysis using: 1) small molecule and 2) big molecule. The problem of how to control size, form of pores, and uniformity of their distribution is considered.

A definition of amorphous material is presented. It is considered as a transition from an amorphous to a nanocrystalline state. An atomic structure of amorphous body is considered. Mechanisms and classes of amorphous bodies, which are genetically bound with crystals or liquids, are briefly described. Methods employed for an investigation of the amorphous structure are described. A atomic structure of glasses is considered from the point of view of radial distribution functions (RDF). A model of atomic structure free volume for the amorphous materials is presented. Properties of amorphous materials are briefly described.

A definition of fullerene, fullerite, and nanotube is presented. Various models, forms, and a geometry of nanotubes (a one-dimension and a three dimension image) are considered. A definition of nanotube chirality and polygonization is presented.

A nanocomposite material is considered as a class. Definition and classification of these materials on the basis of their geometrical dimension are presented. A polymer composite is described. The nanocomposite properties are considered. A nanosized metallic-polymer (with and without pores) is briefly described. A principal scheme of nanoparticle formation in a grafted layer is considered.

This Chapter considers the methods, which are applied for the fabrication of nanomaterials. They could be divided into 4 groups: powder metallurgy, controlled crystallization from an amorphous state, intensive plastic deformation, and thin film formation technology. Their classification is summarized in Tables. Methods employed for the fabrication of nanotubes are described. Probe systems applied for the formation of charged particle beams are considered. 32 Figures and 3 Tables are presented.

This Chapter briefly describes the methods, which are employed to study a nano-material ( structural and chemical analysis). Such methods as AFM (an atomic force microscopy), STM (a scanning tunneling microscopy), XRD, SIMS, mechanical tests, which are employed to study a nanomaterial (measurements of a nanohardness and an elastic modulus), are considered.

Original results of studies of structure and properties of a nanostructured (nanocomposite) film and coating are presented. A classification of nanocrystalline films (3 groups) is presented. Effect of an ion bombardment in the process of deposition is considered. A nanocomposite coating (including multi-layered one), hard, and superhard one is considered. Their definition is presented and their thermal stability is considered. A whole class of super-hard composite materials featuring H ≥ 80GPa is described in detail. The super-hard nanocomposite is composed of a transition metal nanocrystal TiM (where M is Ti, Zr, Mo, Ta, etc.), which is surrounded by one mono-layer of an amorphous (or quasi-amorphous) system α-Si3N4, BN.

This Chapter presents results demonstrating an application of a nanocrystalline coating in industry. First of all, it considers an application of a nanostructured coating for increasing servicing life of a tool and for the fabrication of site of various devices, for example, a sensor. An application of a nanomaterial in a biotechnology (including an artificial collagen), a nanofiltering for a water purification are considered.