[1]
Garmendia, M.A.; Santos, P.S.; Guillén-Grima, F.; Galofré, J.C. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: A meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2014, 99(3), 923-931.
[2]
Vanderpump, M.P. The epidemiology of thyroid disease. Br. Med. Bull., 2011, 99, 39-51.
[3]
van Tienhoven-Wind, L.J.; Dullaart, R.P. Low-normal thyroid function and the pathogenesis of common cardio-metabolic disorders. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2015, 45(5), 494-503.
[4]
Razvi, S.; Shakoor, A.; Vanderpump, M.; Weaver, J.U.; Pearce, S.H. The influence of age on the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease: A metaanalysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2008, 93(8), 2998-3007.
[5]
Gencer, B.; Collet, T.H.; Virgini, V.; Auer, R.; Rodondi, N. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes among prospective cohort studies. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2013, 13(1), 4-12.
[6]
Aho, K.; Gordin, A.; Palosuo, T.; Punsar, S.; Valkeila, E.; Karvonen, M.; Inkovaara, J.; Pasternack, A. Thyroid autoimmunity and cardiovascular diseases. Eur. Heart J., 1984, 5(1), 43-46.
[7]
Chen, W.H.; Chen, Y.K.; Lin, C.L.; Yeh, J.H.; Kao, C.H. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, risk of coronary heart disease, and L-thyroxine treatment: a nationwide cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2015, 100(1), 109-114.
[8]
Raposo, L.; Severo, M.; Barros, H.; Santos, A.C. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Portugal: The PORMETS study. BMC Public Health, 2017, 17(1), 555.
[9]
Iwen, K.A.; Schröder, E.; Brabant, G. Thyroid hormones and the metabolic syndrome. Eur. Thyroid J., 2013, 2(2), 83-92.
[10]
Delitala, A.P.; Fanciulli, G.; Pes, G.M.; Maioli, M.; Delitala, G. Thyroid hormones, metabolic syndrome and its components. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2017, 17(1), 56-62.
[11]
Raposo, L.; Martins, S.; Ferreira, D.; Guimarães, J.T.; Santos, A.C. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and metabolic syndrome -The PORMETS study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 2017, 17(1), 71.
[12]
W.H.O, Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 2004, 363(9403), 157-163.
[13]
Friedewald, W.T.; Levy, R.I.; Fredrickson, D.S. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem., 1972, 18, 499-502.
[14]
Matthews, D.R.; Hosker, J.P.; Rudenski, A.S.; Naylor, B.A.; Treacher, D.F.; Turner, R.C. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 1985, 28(7), 412-419.
[15]
Alberti, K.G.; Eckel, R.H.; Grundy, S.M.; Zimmet, P.Z.; Cleeman, J.I.; Donato, K.A.; Fruchart, J.C.; James, W.P.; Loria, C.M.; Smith, S.C. Jr. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 2009, 120(16), 1640-1645.
[16]
Pearce, S.H.S.; Brabant, G.; Duntas, L.H.; Monzani, F.; Peeters, R.P.; Razvi, S.; Wemeau, J-L. 2013 ETA guideline: Management of subclinical hypothyroidism. Eur. Thyroid J., 2013, 2(4), 215-228.
[17]
Biondi, B.; Bartalena, L.; Cooper, D.S.; Hegedüs, L.; Laurberg, P.; Kahaly, G.J. The 2015 European Thyroid Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Eur. Thyroid J., 2015, 4(3), 149-163.
[18]
Hollowell, J.G.; Staehling, N.W.; Flanders, W.D.; Hannon, W.H.; Gunter, E.W.; Spencer, C.A.; Braverman, L.E. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87(2), 489-499.
[19]
Limbert, E.; Prazeres, S.; São Pedro, M.; Madureira, D.; Miranda, A.; Ribeiro, M.; Jacome de Castro, J.; Carrilho, F.; Oliveira, M.J.; Reguengo, H.; Borges, F. Thyroid Study Group of the Portuguese Endocrine Society. Iodine intake in Portuguese pregnant women: Results of a countrywide study. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2010, 163(4), 631-635.
[20]
Pedersen, I.B.; Knudsen, N.; Jørgensen, T.; Perrild, H.; Ovesen, L.; Laurberg, P. Large differences in incidences of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism associated with a small difference in iodine intake: A prospective comparative register-based population survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 87(10), 4462-4469.
[21]
Soria, M.; Anson, M.; Escanero, J.F. Correlation analysis of exercise-induced changes in plasma trace element and hormone levels during incremental exercise in well-trained athletes. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 2016, 170(1), 55-64.
[22]
Aggarwal, N.; Razvi, S. Thyroid and aging or the aging thyroid? An evidence-based analysis of the literature. J. Thyroid Res., 2013, 2013, 481287.
[23]
De Pergola, G.; Giorgino, F.; Benigno, R.; Guida, P.; Giorgino, R. Independent influence of insulin, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones on metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2008, 16(11), 2405-2411.
[24]
McGrogan, A.; Seaman, H.E.; Wright, J.W.; de Vries, C.S. The incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease: A systematic review of the literature. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2008, 69(5), 687-696.
[25]
McLeod, D.S.; Cooper, D.S. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine, 2012, 42(2), 252-265.
[26]
Merrill, S.J.; Mu, Y. Thyroid autoimmunity as a window to autoimmunity: an explanation for sex differences in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. J. Theor. Biol., 2015, 375, 95-100.
[27]
Yang, L.; Lv, X.; Yue, F.; Wei, D.; Zhang, T. Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocr. Res., 2016, 41(2), 158-165.
[28]
Eftekharzadeh, A.; Khamseh, M.E.; Farshchi, A.; Malek, M. The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome as defined by the ATP III Criteria. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord., 2016, 14(3), 137-144.
[29]
Åsvold, B.O.; Vatten, L.J.; Bjøro, T.; Bauer, D.C.; Bremner, A.; Cappola, A.R.; Ceresini, G.; den Elzen, W.P.; Ferrucci, L.; Franco, O.H.; Franklyn, J.A.; Gussekloo, J.; Iervasi, G.; Imaizumi, M.; Kearney, P.M.; Khaw, K.T.; Maciel, R.M.; Newman, A.B.; Peeters, R.P.; Psaty, B.M.; Razvi, S.; Sgarbi, J.A.; Stott, D.J.; Trompet, S.; Vanderpump, M.P.; Völzke, H.; Walsh, J.P.; Westendorp, R.G.; Rodondi, N. Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Thyroid function within the normal range and risk of coronary heart disease: An individual participant data analysis of 14 cohorts. JAMA Intern. Med., 2015, 175(6), 1037-1047.
[30]
Kim, B.J.; Kim, T.Y.; Koh, J.M.; Kim, H.K.; Park, J.Y.; Lee, K.U.; Shong, Y.K.; Kim, W.B. Relationship between serum free T4 (FT4) and metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in healthy euthyroid subjects. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2009, 70(1), 152-160.
[32]
Mehran, L.; Amouzegar, A.; Tohidi, M.; Moayedi, M.; Azizi, F. Serum free thyroxine concentration is associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects. Thyroid, 2014, 24(11), 1566-1574.
[33]
Park, S.B.; Choi, H.C.; Joo, N.S. The relation of thyroid function to components of the metabolic syndrome in Korean men and women. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2011, 26, 540-545.
[34]
Roef, G.; Rietzschel, E.R.; Van Daele, C.M.; Taes, Y.E.; De Buyzere, M.L.; Gillebert, T.C.; Kaufman, J.M. Triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels are differentially associated with metabolic profile and adiposity-related cardiovascular risk markers in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Thyroid, 2014, 24(2), 223-231.
[35]
Kim, H.J.; Bae, J.C.; Park, H.K.; Byun, D.W.; Suh, K.; Yoo, M.H.; Kim, J.H.; Min, Y.; Kim, S.W.; Chung, J.H. Triiodothyronine levels are independently associated with metabolic syndrome in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Endocrinol. Metab. (Seoul), 2016, 31(2), 311-319.
[36]
Dimitriadis, G.; Baker, B.; Marsh, H.; Mandarino, L.; Rizza, R.; Bergman, R.; Haymond, M. Gerich. Effect of thyroid hormone excess on action, secretion, and metabolism of insulin in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 1985, 248, E593-E601.
[37]
Rezzonico, J.; Niepomniszcze, H.; Rezzonico, M.; Pusiol, E.; Alberto, M.; Brenta, G. The association of insulin resistance with subclinical thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid, 2011, 21(9), 945-949.
[38]
Ferrannini, E.; Iervasi, G.; Cobb, J.; Ndreu, R.; Nannipieri, M. Insulin resistance and normal thyroid hormone levels: Prospective study and metabolomics analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2017, 312(5), E429-E436.
[39]
Reinehr, T. Obesity and thyroid function. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2010, 316(2), 165-171.
[40]
Aydogan, B.İ.; Sahin, M. Adipocytokines in thyroid dysfunction. ISRN Inflamm., 2013, 2013, 646271.
[41]
Mullur, R.; Liu, Y-Y.; Brent, G.A. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol. Rev., 2014, 94, 355-382.
[42]
Peixoto de Miranda, É.J.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Santos, I.S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Benseñor, I.M. Thyroid function and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in cross-sectional results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brazil): Effect of adiposity and insulin resistance. Eur. Thyroid J., 2016, 5(4), 240-246.
[43]
Czarnywojtek, A.; Owecki, M.; Zgorzalewicz-Stachowiak, M.; Woliński, K.; Szczepanek-Parulska, E.; Budny, B.; Florek, E.; Waligórska-Stachura, J.; Miechowicz, I.; Baczyk, M.; Sawicka, N.; Dhir, S.; Ruchala, M. The role of serum C-reactive protein measured by high-sensitive method in thyroid disease. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.), 2014, 62, 501-509.
[44]
Amouzegar, A.; Kazemian, E.; Gharibzadeh, S.; Mehran, L.; Tohidi, M.; Azizi, F. Association between thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies and insulin resistance in euthyroid individuals: A population-based cohort. Diabetes Metab., 2015, 41(6), 480-488.
[45]
Agbaht, K.; Mercan, Y.; Kutlu, S.; Alpdemir, M.F.; Sezgin, T. Obesity with and without metabolic syndrome: Do vitamin D and thyroid autoimmunity have a role? Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2014, 106(1), 27-34.
[46]
Siemińska, L.; Wojciechowska, C.; Walczak, K.; Borowski, A.; Marek, B.; Nowak, M.; Kajdaniuk, D.; Foltyn, W.; Kos-Kudla, B. Associations between metabolic syndrome, serum thyrotropin, and thyroid antibodies status in postmenopausal women, and the role of interleukin-6. Endokrynol. Pol., 2015, 66(5), 394-403.
[47]
Chen, W.H.; Chen, Y.K.; Lin, C.L.; Yeh, J.H.; Kao, C.H. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, risk of coronary heart disease, and L-thyroxine treatment: a nationwide cohort study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2015, 100(1), 109-114.
[48]
Aho, K.; Gordin, A.; Palosuo, T.; Punsar, S.; Valkeila, E.; Karvonen, M.; Inkovaara, J.; Pasternack, A. Thyroid autoimmunity and cardiovascular diseases. Eur. Heart J., 1984, 5(1), 43-46.
[49]
Karch, A.; Thomas, S.L. Autoimmune thyroiditis as a risk factor for stroke. A historical cohort study. Neurology, 2014, 82(18), 1643-1652.
[50]
Wells, B.J.; Hueston, W.J. Are thyroid peroxidase antibodies associated with cardiovascular disease risk in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 2005, 62(5), 580-584.
[51]
Collet, T.H.; Bauer, D.C.; Cappola, A.R.; Asvold, B.O.; Weiler, S.; Vittinghoff, E.; Gussekloo, J.; Bremner, A.; den Elzen, W.P.; Maciel, R.M.; Vanderpump, M.P.; Cornuz, J.; Dörr, M.; Wallaschofski, H.; Newman, A.B.; Sgarbi, J.A.; Razvi, S.; Völzke, H.; Walsh, J.P.; Aujesky, D.; Rodondi, N. Thyroid Studies Collaboration. Thyroid antibody status, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the risk of coronary heart disease: An individual participant data analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2014, 99(9), 3353-3362.
[52]
Vanderpump, M.P.; Tunbridge, W.M.; French, J.M.; Appleton, D.; Bates, D.; Clark, F.; Grimley Evans, J.; Rodgers, H.; Tunbridge, F.; Young, E.T. The development of ischemic heart disease in relation to autoimmune thyroid disease in a 20-year follow-up study of an English community. Thyroid, 1996, 6(3), 155-160.
[53]
Iannello, S.; Cavaleri, A.; Milazzo, P.; Cantarella, S.; Belfiore, F. Low fasting serum triglyceride level as a precocious marker of autoimmune disorders. MedGenMed, 2003, 5(3), 20.
[54]
Prodam, F.; Filigheddu, N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 2014, 62(5), 369-384.
[55]
Altinova, A.E.; Toruner, F. KaraKoc, A.; Yetkin, I.; Ayvaz, G.; Cakir, N.; Arslan, M. Serum Ghrelin levels in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid, 2006, 16(12), 1259-1264.
[56]
Biyikli, H.H.; Arduc, A.; Isik, S.; Ozuguz, U.; Caner, S.; Dogru, F.; Shorbagi, A.I.; Erden, G.; Berker, D.; Guler, S. Assessing the relationship between serum Ghrelin levels and metabolic parameters and autoimmunity in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr. Pract., 2014, 20(8), 818-824.
[57]
Li, Z.; Xu, G.; Qin, Y.; Zhang, C.; Tang, H.; Yin, Y.; Xiang, X.; Li, Y.; Zhao, J.; Mulholland, M.; Zhang, W. Ghrelin promotes hepatic lipogenesis by activation of mTOR-PPARγ signaling pathway. PNAS., 2014, 111(36), 13163-13168.
[58]
Fröhlich, E.; Wahl, R. Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of anti-thyroid antibodies in thyroid and extra-thyroidal diseases. Front. Immunol., 2017, 8, 521.
[59]
Stefanska, A.; Bergmann, K.; Sypniewska, G. Metabolic syndrome and menopause: Pathophysiology, clinical and diagnostic significance. Adv. Clin. Chem., 2015, 72, 1-75.
47
3
