Abstract
Background: Since its discovery on the 1930 decade, phthalocyanines have occupied a prominent place in the textile and dye industries due to their thermal stability, low solubility and reactivity. However, over the last three decades, many different applications have been found for phthalocyanine derivatives including medicine, materials science, catalysis and energy fields. In this review, we discuss about the phthalocyanine chemistry, and the principal synthetic precursors as well. Strategies developed for obtaining soluble and nonaggregated phthalocyanine dyes are also covered, with insights on the reaction mechanisms. The main synthetic methods for the synthesis of symmetric and non-symmetric systems are presented and discussed.
Objective: This review aims to present an overview on phthalocyanine chemistry and their principal synthetic precursors, covering strategies developed for obtaining soluble and non-aggregated phthalocyanine dyes with insights on the reaction mechanisms. Also, the main synthetic methods are presented, and different approaches to symmetric and non-symmetric phthalocyanine are discussed.
Conclusion: Phthalocyanines are compounds with significant applications and growing interest in science. Their physical and chemical properties have been more and more elucidated. The major challenge is to make the synthetic protocols more suitable and cheaper, in order to allow studies and application on large scales.
Keywords: Phthalocyanines, synthesis, monomer precursors, non-aggregation.
Graphical Abstract
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Biorthogonal Chemistry: A translational chemical tool for in vivo applications
After the discovery in 1990, bioorthogonal chemistry encompassed a set of diverse fast-paced selective chemical reactions, facilitating the study of biomolecules under physiological aura without intervening in the biochemical processes. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been witnessed in bioorthogonal reactions such as Staudinger ligation, metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, ...read more
Design and Synthesis of Green Pesticides
The development of green new pesticides is currently one of the hotspots in the field of pesticide research, aiming to develop efficient, environmentally friendly, and safe pesticide products to meet the needs of modern agricultural production. Green new pesticides prioritize environmental friendliness and ecological safety. Therefore, during the research and ...read more
Exploring the Role of Chemical Graph Theory in Advancing Current Organic Synthesis
Organic synthesis is a fundamental discipline in chemistry, crucial for the creation of complex molecules with diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and beyond. However, the process of designing efficient synthetic routes for target molecules remains challenging. Chemical graph theory, a branch of theoretical chemistry, offers powerful tools for understanding ...read more
Novel Green Approaches in the Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules
This special issue regards several aspects of green chemistry, focusing on innovative strategies to run organic synthesis reactions in a more environmentally friendly. Interesting articles or reviews about the critical role of green methodologies in reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes are welcome. Moreover, novel methodological studies using sustainable ...read more
Related Books
2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: Chemistry and Biology
Chiral Ionic Liquids: Applications in Chemistry and Technology
Basics of Organic Chemistry: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students
Advances in Organic Synthesis
The Synthetic Methods, Structures, and Properties of the Ca-C σ Bond Organocalcium Containing Compounds
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Chemistry of Bipyrazoles: Synthesis and Applications
Advances in Organic Synthesis
Advanced Nanocatalysis for Organic Synthesis and Electroanalysis
Advances in Organic Synthesis
84
4
1
1