Abstract
Background: In steady state conditions intestinal immune homeostasis is maintained by a sophisticated bidirectional dialogue between the microbiota and the intestinal immune system. This “cross talk“ is enabled by the presence of highly adapted secretory cells, sampling cells and pattern recognition receptors in the gastric epithelium.
Methods: Herein we discuss the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of intestinal homeostasis and the development of systemic immune activation and neuroinflammation with a view to discussing the importance of these processes, in tandem with genetic and environmental factors, in the pathophysiology of (auto)immune diseases.Data is presented explaining how immune tolerance is maintained and how it may breakdown.
Conclusion: The breakdown of immune homeostasis following the development of gut inflammation, caused for example by gut dysbiosis, and the consequent increased intestinal permeability, is increasingly considered to be the ultimate source of the systemic immune activation and T helper 17/T regulatory cell imbalances, and maybe neurological disturbances, seen in autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. Increased intestinal permeability and translocation of commensal antigens into the systemic circulation is also a likely cause of the severe fatigue and an almost bewildering range of neurocognitive, neuroimaging and overall symptom presentations seen in patients with a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Keywords: Microbiota, microbiome, leaky gut, intestinal permeability, autoimmunity, inflammation.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Volume: 22 Issue: 40
Author(s): Gerwyn Morris, Michael Berk, André F. Carvalho, Javier R. Caso, Yolanda Sanz and Michael Maes
Affiliation:
Keywords: Microbiota, microbiome, leaky gut, intestinal permeability, autoimmunity, inflammation.
Abstract: Background: In steady state conditions intestinal immune homeostasis is maintained by a sophisticated bidirectional dialogue between the microbiota and the intestinal immune system. This “cross talk“ is enabled by the presence of highly adapted secretory cells, sampling cells and pattern recognition receptors in the gastric epithelium.
Methods: Herein we discuss the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of intestinal homeostasis and the development of systemic immune activation and neuroinflammation with a view to discussing the importance of these processes, in tandem with genetic and environmental factors, in the pathophysiology of (auto)immune diseases.Data is presented explaining how immune tolerance is maintained and how it may breakdown.
Conclusion: The breakdown of immune homeostasis following the development of gut inflammation, caused for example by gut dysbiosis, and the consequent increased intestinal permeability, is increasingly considered to be the ultimate source of the systemic immune activation and T helper 17/T regulatory cell imbalances, and maybe neurological disturbances, seen in autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. Increased intestinal permeability and translocation of commensal antigens into the systemic circulation is also a likely cause of the severe fatigue and an almost bewildering range of neurocognitive, neuroimaging and overall symptom presentations seen in patients with a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Morris Gerwyn, Berk Michael, Carvalho F. André, Caso R. Javier, Sanz Yolanda and Maes Michael, The Role of Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune and Neuroimmune Processes with an Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160914182822
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160914182822 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Food-derived bioactive peptides against chronic diseases
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, have become a great threat to the human health in recent decades due to the excessive food consumption and the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle. As a class of natural compounds, food-derived bioactive peptides have been demonstrated to possess great potential for ...read more
Innovative delivery systems and formulations for the management of diseases affecting the skin and skin appendages
Skin and skin appendage diseases have high incidence and can highly impact the quality of life. Such diseases include pigmentation disorders, such as melasma, vitiligo and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, infectious diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and parasites, inflammatory diseases such as acne, dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis, as well as skin ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Development of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Current Vascular Pharmacology Structural and Functional Characterization of Pathogenic Non- Synonymous Genetic Mutations of Human Insulin-Degrading Enzyme by In Silico Methods
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Genetic Alterations in Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Curcumin, Resveratrol and Cannabidiol as Natural Key Prototypes in Drug Design for Neuroprotective Agents
Current Neuropharmacology Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
Current Drug Targets Nicotine Addiction and Coronary Artery Disease: Impact of Cessation Interventions
Current Pharmaceutical Design Insulin Resistance in Alzheimer Disease: p53 and MicroRNAs as Important Players
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Bioinorganic Chemistry: The Study of the Fate of Platinum-Based Antitumour Drugs
Current Chemical Biology Metal-Protein Attenuating Compounds (MPACs) for the Treatment of Alzheimers Disease
Drug Design Reviews - Online (Discontinued) The Changing Face of HDAC Inhibitor Depsipeptide
Current Cancer Drug Targets New Therapeutic Strategy for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Advancement in Nanobiotechnology for Human Health Care: Focus on Ocular Diseases and Future Prospects
Current Nanomedicine β -Amyloid: A Disease Target or a Synaptic Regulator Affecting Age-Related Neurotransmitter Changes?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gene Therapy for Gastric Diseases
Current Gene Therapy Recombinant Salmonella Vaccination Technology and Its Application to Human Bacterial Pathogens
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incretin Analogues that have been Developed to Treat Type 2 Diabetes Hold Promise as a Novel Treatment Strategy for Alzheimers Disease
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Memapsin 2 (Beta-Secretase) Inhibitor Drug, between Fantasy and Reality
Current Alzheimer Research Role of mTOR in Hematological Malignancies
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews The Update of NGAL in Acute Kidney Injury
Current Protein & Peptide Science Liposomal and Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy of the Central Nervous System
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders