Abstract
Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?
Volume: 22 Issue: 40
Author(s): John Slattery, Derrick F. MacFabe, Stephen G. Kahler and Richard E. Frye
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Microbiome, Macrobiome, Fauna, Helminths, Mitochondria, Cell Danger Theory, Biome Depletion, Propionic Acid, Oxidative Stress, Microbiota, Antibiotics, Treatment, Immune Function, Acetaminophen, Beta lactam, Omeprazole, Epigenetics.
Abstract: Background: Many lines of scientific research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) may be associated with alterations in the enteric ecosystem, including alterations of the enteric macrobiome (i.e. helminthes and fauna) and changes in predominant microbiome species, particularly a reduction in microbiome species diversity.
Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and summarized the major findings.
Results: Alterations in the enteric ecosystem are believed to be due to a variety of factors including changes in the post-industrial society related to decreased exposure to symbiotic organisms, increased human migration, overuse of antibiotics and changes in dietary habits. Changes in the enteric ecosystem are believed to alter metabolic and immune system function and epigenetic regulation. If these changes occur during critical developmental windows, the trajectory of brain development, as well as brain function, can be altered. This paper reviews theoretical models that explain how these perturbations may in isolation or in combination be causative for ASDs as well as the preclinical and clinical studies that support these models. We discuss how these alterations may converge to trigger or exacerbate the formation of an ASD phenotype. We focus on possible preconception, prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors that may alter the enteric ecosystem leading to physiological disruptions, potentially through triggering events.
Conclusion: If these theoretical models prove to be valid, they may lead to the development of practical interventions which could decrease ASD prevalence and/or morbidity.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Slattery John, MacFabe F. Derrick, Kahler G. Stephen and Frye E. Richard, Enteric Ecosystem Disruption in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can the Microbiota and Macrobiota be Restored?, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (40) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160905123953 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Food-derived bioactive peptides against chronic diseases
Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, have become a great threat to the human health in recent decades due to the excessive food consumption and the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle. As a class of natural compounds, food-derived bioactive peptides have been demonstrated to possess great potential for ...read more
Innovative delivery systems and formulations for the management of diseases affecting the skin and skin appendages
Skin and skin appendage diseases have high incidence and can highly impact the quality of life. Such diseases include pigmentation disorders, such as melasma, vitiligo and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, infectious diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and parasites, inflammatory diseases such as acne, dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis, as well as skin ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Recent Patents Relating to siRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies for Genetic Diseases
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences Changes in Serum Nampt Levels and Its Significances in Diabetic Nephropathy Patients-The Potential Role of Nampt in T2DM with Diabetic Nephropathy
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Affect the Cholinergic Transmission a nd Cognitive Functions
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Clomiphene Citrate, Metformin or Both for Ovulation Induction in Therapy Naïve Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)? A Descriptive Review
Current Drug Therapy ACE2 as a Key Target for Treatment of COVID-19 Related Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Progress and Prospect
Current Drug Targets Hypertension to Heart Failure: New Developmental Strategies do not Cross a Clinical and Therapeutic Divide
Current Pharmaceutical Design Current Evidence for Antithrombotic Therapy after Peripheral Vascular Interventions
Current Vascular Pharmacology Cognitive Decline as a Consequence of Essential Hypertension
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Brown Adipose Cell: A Unique Model for Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of Insulin Resistance
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Quantity and Quality of Sleep Among Elderly People Referring to Health Centers of Lar City, Southern of Iran; A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Current Aging Science Antithrombotic Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature about Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Strategies Used for Diabetic Patients in Primary and Secondary Prevention
Current Pharmaceutical Design Prostaglandin J2 Family and the Cardiovascular System
Current Vascular Pharmacology Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A Narrative Review
Current Pediatric Reviews Metabolic Homeostasis and Colonic Health: the Critical Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids
Current Nutrition & Food Science Clinical Applications of Autoimmunity to Citrullinated Proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis, from Improving Diagnostics to Future Therapies
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery 30 Years Lost in Anesthesia Theory
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Arterial Stiffness: A Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Kidney Disease Patients
Current Vascular Pharmacology Recent Applications of Polyacrylamide as Biomaterials
Recent Patents on Materials Science Food as a Bariatric Drug
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gene Expression Profiling in Rodent Models for Schizophrenia
Current Neuropharmacology