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Review Article

Therapeutic Correlation of TLR-4 Mediated NF-κB Inflammatory Pathways in Ischemic Injuries

Author(s): Veerta Sharma, Prateek Sharma and Thakur Gurjeet Singh*

Volume 25, Issue 15, 2024

Published on: 13 September, 2024

Page: [1027 - 1040] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/0113894501322228240830063605

Price: $65

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Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to the tissue damage that happens when blood flow returns to tissue after a period of ischemia. I/R injuries are implicated in a large array of pathological conditions, such as cerebral, myocardial, renal, intestinal, retinal and hepatic ischemia. The hallmark of these pathologies is excessive inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as significant contributors to inflammation caused by pathogens and, more recently, inflammation caused by injury. TLR-4 activation initiates a series of events that results in activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), which stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, exacerbating tissue injury. Therefore, through a comprehensive review of current research and experimentation, this investigation elucidates the TLRs signalling pathway and the role of TLR-4/NF-κB in the pathophysiology of I/R injuries. Furthermore, this review highlights the various pharmacological agents (TLR-4/NF-κB inhibitors) with special emphasis on the various ischemic injuries (cerebral, myocardial, renal, intestinal, retinal and hepatic). Future research should prioritise investigating the specific molecular pathways that cause TLR-4/NF-κBmediated inflammation in ischemic injuries. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance treatment approaches in order to enhance patient outcomes.

Keywords: Ischemia-reperfusion, toll-like receptors, retinal ischemia, cerebral ischemia, cell survival, intestinal ischemia.

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