Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Research Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2589-9775
ISSN (Online): 2589-9783

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Therapeutic and Phytochemical Properties of Thymoquinone Derived from Nigella sativa

Author(s): Gaurav Tiwari, Monisha Gupta, Lalchand D. Devhare and Ruchi Tiwari*

Volume 16, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 24 August, 2023

Page: [145 - 156] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230811092410

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
conference banner
Abstract

Background: Nigella sativa (N. sativa), commonly known as black seed or black cumin, belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It contains several phytoconstituents, Thymoquinone (TQ), thymol, thymohydroquinone, carvacrol, and dithymoquinone. TQ is the main phytoconstituent present in N. sativa that is used as an herbal compound, and it is widely used as an antihypertensive, liver tonic, diuretic, digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant, analgesic, and antibacterial agent, and in skin disorders.

Objective: The study focused on collecting data on the therapeutic or pharmacological activities of TQ present in N. sativa seed.

Methods: Antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, renal protective, and antioxidant properties of TQ have been studied by various scientists.

Conclusion: TQ seems to have a variety of consequences on how infected cells behave at the cellular level.

Keywords: Thymoquinone, composition, bioactive phytochemicals, seed essential oil, pharmacological activities, cell.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Randhawa MA, Alghamdi MS. Anticancer activity of Nigella sativa (black seed) - a review. Am J Chin Med 2011; 39(6): 1075-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X1100941X] [PMID: 22083982]
[2]
Naz H. Nigella sativa: The miraculous herb. Pak J Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 44(1): 44-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1]
[3]
Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M, et al. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3(5): 337-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60075-1] [PMID: 23646296]
[4]
Woo CC, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Tan KHB. Thymoquinone: Potential cure for inflammatory disorders and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83(4): 443-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.029] [PMID: 22005518]
[5]
AbuKhader M. Thymoquinone in the clinical treatment of cancer: Fact or fiction? Pharmacogn Rev 2013; 7(14): 117-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120509] [PMID: 24347919]
[6]
Schneider-Stock R, Fakhoury IH, Zaki AM, El-Baba CO, Gali-Muhtasib HU. Thymoquinone: fifty years of success in the battle against cancer models. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19(1): 18-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.021] [PMID: 24001594]
[7]
Pari L, Sankaranarayanan C. Beneficial effects of thymoquinone on hepatic key enzymes in streptozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2009; 85(23-26): 830-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2009.10.021] [PMID: 19903489]
[8]
Gali-Muhtasib H, El-Najjar N, Schneider-Stock R. The medicinal potential of black seed (Nigella sativa) and its components. Advances in Phytomedicine 2006; 2: 133-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1572-557X(05)02008-8]
[9]
Taborsky J, Kunt M, Kloucek P, Lachman J, Zeleny V, Kokoska L. Identification of potential sources of thymoquinone and related compounds in Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Lamiaceae, and Ranunculaceae families. Open Chem 2012; 10(6): 1899-906.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0114-2]
[10]
El-Baba C, Mahadevan V, Fahlbusch FB, et al. Thymoquinone-induced conformational changes of PAK1 interrupt prosurvival MEK-ERK signaling in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13(1): 201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-13-201] [PMID: 25174975]
[11]
Abdel-Fattah AFM, Matsumoto K, Watanabe H. Antinociceptive effects of Nigella sativa oil and its major component, thymoquinone, in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 400(1): 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00340-X] [PMID: 10913589]
[12]
Hosseinzadeh H, Parvardeh S. Anticonvulsant effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, in mice. Phytomedicine 2004; 11(1): 56-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00376] [PMID: 14971722]
[13]
Ramadan MF. Nutritional value, functional properties and nutraceutical applications of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.): An overview. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007; 42(10): 1208-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01417.x]
[14]
Sultana S, Asif HM, Akhtar N, et al. Nigella sativa: monograph. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2015; 4(4): 103-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acu.2016.1204]
[15]
Al-Saleh IA, Billedo G, El-Doush II. Levels of selenium, dl-α-tocopherol, dl-γ-tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, thymoquinone and thymol in different brands of Nigella sativa seeds. J Food Compos Anal 2006; 19(2-3): 167-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.011]
[16]
Kamal A, Arif JM, Ahmad IZ. Potential of Nigella Sativa L. seed during different phases of germination on inhibition of bacterial growth. J Biotechnol Pharm Res 2010; 1(1): 9-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i2.63203]
[17]
Hadad GM, Abdel Salam RA, Soliman RM, Mesbah MK. High-performance liquid chromatography quantification of principal antioxidants in black seed (Nigella sativa L.) phytopharmaceuticals. J AOAC Int 2012; 95(4): 1043-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-207] [PMID: 22970569]
[18]
Sultan MT, Butt MS, Ahmad RS, Pasha I, Ahmad AN, Qayyum MM. Supplementation of Nigella sativa fixed and essential oil mediates potassium bromate induced oxidative stress and multiple organ toxicity. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25(1): 175-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0853-7] [PMID: 22186327]
[19]
Ansari AA, Hassan S, Kenne L. Atta-Ur-Rahman, Wehler T. Structural studies on a saponin isolated from Nigella sativa. Phytochemistry 1988; 27(12): 3977-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83062-0]
[20]
Ziaee T, Moharreri N, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of pharmacological and toxicological effects of N. Sativa and its active constituents. J Med Plants Res 2012; 11(42): 16-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1309]
[21]
Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002; 420(6917): 860-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01322] [PMID: 12490959]
[22]
Mutabagani A, El-Mahdy SA. A study of the anti-inflammatory activity of N. Sativa L. and thymoquinone in rats. Saudi Pharm J 1997; 5: 110-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-012-9899-8]
[23]
Lefkowitz DL, Gelderman MP, Fuhrmann SR, et al. Neutrophilic myeloperoxidase-macrophage interactions perpetuate chronic inflammation associated with experimental arthritis. Clin Immunol 1999; 91(2): 145-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/clim.1999.4696] [PMID: 10227806]
[24]
Majdalawieh A, Ro HS. Regulation of IkappaBalpha function and NF-kappaB signaling: AEBP1 is a novel proinflammatory mediator in macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010: 1-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/823821] [PMID: 20396415]
[25]
Kalamegam G, Alfakeeh SM, Bahmaid AO, et al. In vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of thymoquinone in osteoarthritis and in silico analysis of inter-related pathways in age-related degenerative diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8: 646.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00646] [PMID: 32793594]
[26]
Hossen MJ, Yang WS, Kim D, Aravinthan A, Kim JH, Cho JY. Thymoquinone: An IRAK1 inhibitor with in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities. Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 42995.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep42995] [PMID: 28216638]
[27]
Al Wafai RJ. Nigella sativa and thymoquinone suppress cyclooxygenase-2 and oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pancreas 2013; 42(5): 841-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e318279ac1c] [PMID: 23429494]
[28]
Allemailem KS, Alnuqaydan AM, Almatroudi A, et al. Safety and therapeutic efficacy of thymoquinone-loaded liposomes against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13(5): 677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050677] [PMID: 34066874]
[29]
Lu C, Soria JC, Tang X, et al. Prognostic factors in resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: A multivariate analysis of six molecular markers. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(22): 4575-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.01.091] [PMID: 15542809]
[30]
Cascinu S, Scartozzi M, Carbonari G, et al. COX-2 and NF-KB overexpression is common in pancreatic cancer but does not predict for COX-2 inhibitors activity in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin. Am J Clin Oncol 2007; 30(5): 526-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COC.0b013e318054675c] [PMID: 17921715]
[31]
Ghannadi A, Hajhashemi V, Jafarabadi H. An investigation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Nigella sativa seed polyphenols. J Med Food 2005; 8(4): 488-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.488] [PMID: 16379560]
[32]
Butt MS, Sultan MT. Nigella sativa: reduces the risk of various maladies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50(7): 654-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408390902768797] [PMID: 20694927]
[33]
Khan A, Chen H-C, Tania M, Zhang D-Z. Anticancer activities of Nigella sativa (black cumin). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011; 8(5S) (Suppl.): 226-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.10] [PMID: 22754079]
[34]
Ait Mbarek L, Ait Mouse H, Elabbadi N, et al. Anti-tumor properties of blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) extracts. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007; 40(6): 839-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2006005000108] [PMID: 17581684]
[35]
Majdalawieh AF, Fayyad MW, Nasrallah GK. Anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action of thymoquinone, the major active ingredient of Nigella sativa. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57(18): 3911-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1277971] [PMID: 28140613]
[36]
Scott DL, Pugner K, Kaarela K, et al. The links between joint damage and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2000; 39(2): 122-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/39.2.122] [PMID: 10725061]
[37]
Arjumand S, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Yousaf MZ. Thymoquinone attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by downregulating TLR2, TLR4, TNF-α IL-1, and NFκB expression levels. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111: 958-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.006] [PMID: 30841475]
[38]
Yang J, Kuang X, Lv P, Yan X. Thymoquinone inhibits proliferation and invasion of human nonsmall-cell lung cancer cells via ERK pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 36(1): 259-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2628-z] [PMID: 25238880]
[39]
Takagi M. Toll-like receptor. J Clin Exp Hematop 2011; 51(2): 77-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3960/jslrt.51.77] [PMID: 22104306]
[40]
Blasius AL, Beutler B. Intracellular toll-like receptors. Immunity 2010; 32(3): 305-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.012] [PMID: 20346772]
[41]
Tekeoglu I, Dogan A, Ediz L, Budancamanak M, Demirel A. Effects of thymoquinone (volatile oil of black cumin) on rheumatoid arthritis in rat models. Phytother Res 2007; 21(9): 895-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2143] [PMID: 17562570]
[42]
Vaillancourt F, Silva P, Shi Q, Fahmi H, Fernandes JC, Benderdour M. Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of thymoquinone against rheumatoid arthritis. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112(1): 107-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.22884] [PMID: 20872780]
[43]
Markenson JA. Worldwide trends in the socioeconomic impact and long-term prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991; 21(2) (Suppl. 1): 4-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-0172(91)90046-3] [PMID: 1836280]
[44]
Brennan FM, McInnes IB. Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118(11): 3537-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI36389] [PMID: 18982160]
[45]
Shabbir A, Shahzad M, Ali A, Zia-ur-Rehman M. Discovery of new benzothiazine derivative as modulator of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2016; 39(6): 1918-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-016-0427-y] [PMID: 27561645]
[46]
Sun Y, Li H, Sun MJ, Zheng YY, Gong DJ, Xu Y. Endotoxin tolerance induced by lipopolysaccharides derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli: Alternations in Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling pathway. Inflammation 2014; 37(1): 268-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-013-9737-5] [PMID: 24132662]
[47]
Jennings BH, Akoh CC. Effectiveness of natural versus synthetic antioxidants in a rice bran oil-based structured lipid. Food Chem 2009; 114(4): 1456-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.031]
[48]
Anwar F, Kanwal S, Shabir G, Alkharfy KM, Gilani AH. Antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes of different solvent extracts from leaves of four species of mulberry. Int J Pharmacol 2015; 11(7): 757-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2015.757.765]
[49]
Mukhtar H, Qureshi AS, Anwar F, Mumtaz MW, Marcu M. Nigella sativa L. seed and seed oil: potential sources of high-value components for development of functional foods and nutraceuticals/pharmaceuticals. J Essent Oil Res 2019; 31(3): 171-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2018.1562388]
[50]
Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 2004; 74(17): 2157-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.047] [PMID: 14969719]
[51]
Choi DY, Lee YJ, Hong JT, Lee HJ. Antioxidant properties of natural polyphenols and their therapeutic potentials for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2012; 87(2-3): 144-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.014] [PMID: 22155297]
[52]
Abbasnezhad A, Hayatdavoudi P, Niazmand S, Mahmoudabady M. The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa seed on oxidative stress in hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2015; 5(4): 333-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1596-8-137] [PMID: 26445713]
[53]
Beheshti F, Hosseini M, Shafei MN, et al. The effects of Nigella sativa extract on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 20(1): 49-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000144] [PMID: 25087773]
[54]
Zuridah H, Fairuz ARM, Zakri AHZ, Rahim MNA. In vitro antibacterial activity of nigella sativa against staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli and bacillus cereus. Asian J Plant Sci 2008; 7(3): 331-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2008.331.333]
[55]
Banerjee S, Azmi AS, Padhye S, et al. Structure-activity studies on therapeutic potential of Thymoquinone analogs in pancreatic cancer. Pharm Res 2010; 27(6): 1146-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0145-3] [PMID: 20422266]
[56]
El-Fatatry HM. Isolation and structure assignment of an antimicrobial principle from the volatile oil of Nigella sativa L. seeds. Pharmazie 1975; 30(2): 109-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.6.2.225] [PMID: 238225]
[57]
Morsi NM. Antimicrobial effect of crude extracts of Nigella sativa on multiple antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Acta Microbiol Pol 2000; 49(1): 63-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1146] [PMID: 10997492]
[58]
Busse JW, Hsu WS. Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001; 24(5): 350-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2001.115261] [PMID: 11416826]
[59]
Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(18): 1334-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005043421806] [PMID: 10793167]
[60]
Gilani AH, Aziz N, Khurram IM, Chaudhary KS, Iqbal A. Bronchodilator, spasmolytic and calcium antagonist activities of Nigella sativa seeds (Kalonji): A traditional herbal product with multiple medicinal uses. J Pak Med Assoc 2001; 51(3): 115-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209309082918] [PMID: 11381824]
[61]
Boskabady MH, Mohsenpoor N, Takaloo L. Antiasthmatic effect of Nigella sativa in airways of asthmatic patients. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(10): 707-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.002] [PMID: 20149611]
[62]
Rafique MA, Arain AQ, Siddiqui AH, et al. Nigella sativa essential oil prevents airway inflammation in ovalbumin sensitized guineapigs. Ann King Edw Med Univ 2018; 24(4)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.023]
[63]
Kardeşler L, Buduneli N, Bıyıkoğlu B, Çetinkalp Ş, Kütükçüler N. Gingival crevicular fluid PGE2, IL-1ß, t-PA, PAI-2 levels in type 2 diabetes and relationship with periodontal disease. Clin Biochem 2008; 41(10-11): 863-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.013] [PMID: 18472001]
[64]
Dajani EZ, Shahwan TG, Dajani NE. Overview of the preclinical pharmacological properties of Nigella sativa (black seeds): A complementary drug with historical and clinical significance. J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 67(6): 801-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1877107] [PMID: 28195061]
[65]
Morisaki T, Matsuzaki T, Yokoo K, et al. Regulation of renal organic ion transporters in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and uremia in rats. Pharm Res 2008; 25(11): 2526-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-008-9668-2] [PMID: 18612803]
[66]
Badary OA, Abdel-Naim AB, Abdel-Wahab MH, Hamada FMA. The influence of thymoquinone on doxorubicin-induced hyperlipidemic nephropathy in rats. Toxicology 2000; 143(3): 219-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00179-1] [PMID: 10755708]
[67]
Saleem U, Ahmad B, Rehman K, Mahmood S, Alam M, Erum A. Nephro-protective effect of vitamin C and Nigella sativa oil on gentamicin associated nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012; 25(4): 727-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2013.3.14-20] [PMID: 23009987]
[68]
Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer’s disease results from the cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid ß-protein. J Alzheimers Dis 2001; 3(1): 75-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2001-3111] [PMID: 12214075]
[69]
Roshan S, Khan A, Tazneem B, et al. To study the effect of Nigella sativa on various biochemical parameters on stress induced in albino rats. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2010; 2(4): 185-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw055]
[70]
Al Mofleh I, Alhaider A, Mossa J, et al. Gastroprotective effect of an aqueous suspension of black cumin Nigella sativa on necrotizing agents-induced gastric injury in experimental animals. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2008; 14(3): 128-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.41731] [PMID: 19568521]
[71]
Torres MP, Ponnusamy MP, Chakraborty S, et al. Effects of thymoquinone in the expression of mucin 4 in pancreatic cancer cells: implications for the development of novel cancer therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9(5): 1419-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0075] [PMID: 20423995]
[72]
Ding EL, Mozaffarian D. Optimal dietary habits for the prevention of stroke. Semin Neurol 2006; 26(1): 011-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-933305] [PMID: 16479440]
[73]
Nemmar A, Al-Salam S, Zia S, et al. Contrasting actions of diesel exhaust particles on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems and the effects of thymoquinone. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164(7): 1871-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01442.x] [PMID: 21501145]
[74]
Nagi M, Alam K, Badary O, Al-Shabanah O, Al-Sawaf H, Al-Bekairi A. Thymoquinone protects against carbon tetrachloride hetatotoxicity in mice via an antioxidant mechanism. IUBMB Life 1999; 47(1): 153-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15216549900201153] [PMID: 10092955]
[75]
Kanter M. Protective effects of Nigella sativa on the neuronal injury in frontal cortex and brain stem after chronic toluene exposure. Neurochem Res 2008; 33(11): 2241-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9702-0] [PMID: 18427986]
[76]
Radad K, Hassanein K, Al-Shraim M, Moldzio R, Rausch WD. Thymoquinone ameliorates lead-induced brain damage in Sprague Dawley rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2014; 66(1): 13-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2013.07.002] [PMID: 23910425]
[77]
Michalek IM, John SM, Caetano dos Santos FL. Microbiological contamination of cosmetic products – observations from Europe, 2005–2018. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33(11): 2151-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15728] [PMID: 31166041]
[78]
Halla N, Fernandes I, Heleno S, et al. Cosmetics preservation: A review on present strategies. Molecules 2018; 23(7): 1571.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071571] [PMID: 29958439]
[79]
Sánchez Palacios A, Shaman F, Garcá JA, Sánchez Palacios MA. Prevalence of cosmetic sensitivity among beauticians. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 1995; 23(4): 148-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000063379] [PMID: 8553988]
[80]
Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Controversy around parabens: Alternative strategies for preservative use in cosmetics and personal care products. Environ Res 2021; 198110488
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110488] [PMID: 33221305]
[81]
Aslam H, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Irshad S. Immunomodulatory effect of thymoquinone on atopic dermatitis. Mol Immunol 2018; 101: 276-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.013] [PMID: 30031280]
[82]
Tabeshpour J, Mehri S, Abnous K, Hosseinzadeh H. Neuroprotective effects of TQ in acrylamide-induced peripheral nervous system toxicity through MAPKinase and apoptosis pathways in rat. Neurochem Res 2019; 44(5): 1101-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-019-02741-4] [PMID: 30725239]
[83]
Aranaz I, Acosta N, Civera C, et al. Cosmetics and cosmeceutical applications of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10(2): 213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10020213] [PMID: 30966249]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
20
5
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy