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Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

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ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

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Case Report

The Reconstitution of T-cells after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in a Pediatric Patient with Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia (CAMT)

Author(s): Shideh Namazi Bayegi, Amir Ali Hamidieh, Maryam Behfar, Amene Saghazadeh, Mahmood Bozorgmehr, Nader Tajik, Ali-Akbar Delbandi, Samaneh Delavari, Mehdi Shekarabi and Nima Rezaei*

Volume 24, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 11 September, 2023

Page: [265 - 272] Pages: 8

DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230801100113

Price: $65

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Abstract

Background: Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a bone marrow failure syndrome with autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by the lack of megakaryocytes and thrombocytopenia. The cause of the disease is a mutation in the c-Mpl gene, which encodes the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor. The main treatment for this genetic disorder is an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT). However, transplant-related mortality, development of acute and chronic graft-versushost disease (GvHD), and susceptibility to opportunistic infections are major barriers to transplantation. Delay in the reconstitution of T cells and imbalance in the regeneration of distinct functional CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets mainly affect post-transplant complications. We report a case of CAMT, who developed acute GvHD but had no signs and symptoms of chronic GvHD following allo-HSCT.

Case Presentation: At the age of four, she presented with petechiae and purpura. In laboratory investigations, pancytopenia without organomegaly, and cellularity less than 5% in bone marrow biopsy, were observed. A primary diagnosis of idiopathic aplastic anemia was made, and she was treated with prednisolone, cyclosporine, and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), which did not respond. Genetic analysis revealed the mutation c.1481T>G (p. L494W) in exon 10 of the c-Mpl gene, and the diagnosis of CAMT was confirmed. The patient underwent allo-HSCT from a healthy sibling donor. Alloimmunization reactions and immune disorders were present due to long-term treatment with immunosuppressive medications and repeated blood and platelet transfusions. Hence, the regeneration of T-lymphocytes after allo-HSCT was evaluated.

Conclusion: Successful treatment of acute GvHD prevented advancing the condition to chronic GvHD, and this was accompanied by delayed T-cell reconstitution through an increase in Treg:Tcons ratio.

Keywords: CAMT, c-Mpl, allogeneic HSCT, GvHD, T-cell reconstitution, anti-thymocyte globulin.

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