Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Drug Therapy

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8855
ISSN (Online): 2212-3903

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

Antifungal Properties of Pinus eldarica and Pinus longifolia Fruit Extracts against Candida Species Isolated from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Patients

Author(s): Zohre Norouzi, Mahboobeh Madani*, Leila Amjad and Pegah Shakib*

Volume 18, Issue 4, 2023

Published on: 17 April, 2023

Page: [333 - 341] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1574885518666230223120624

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Introduction: Candidiasis is a disease with serious problems in women. With the increasing drug resistance and risks of the drugs, we investigated the effect of different cone extracts of Pinus eldarica and Pinus longifolia against Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients.

Materials and Methods: Candida species isolated from 50 patients were identified by routine mycological methods, including morphology of corn mil agar, chromium agar, germination, and biochemical methods. The anti-candida properties of the extracts and essential oils of Pinus eldarica and Pinus longifolia were investigated using agar diffusion and microdilution test. The essential oil was then analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Results: The major constituents of Pinus longifolia essential oil included 23.16% alpha-pinene, 2.59% beta-caryophyllene, 23.61% delta-3-carene, 0.24% carcin-4-hydroxy, 13.56% m-cymene, 0.45% alpha-humulene, and 2.12% junipene. The major constituents of Pinus eldarica essential oil included 29.13% alpha-pinene, 14.22% beta-caryophyllene, 11.70% delta-3-carene, -14.22% carcin-4-hydroxy, 4.29% beta-pinene, 3.59%, alpha humulene, and 8.86% junipene. The results of antifungal tests showed that aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts had a weak anti-candida effect. By changing the solvent and using petroleum ether solvent, it was found that petroleum ether extract and cone essential oil of Pinus longifolia and Pinus eldarica exhibited a relatively strong anti-candida effect.

Discussion and Conclusion: Comparison of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of four extracts of Pinus longifolia and Pinus eldarica against different Candida showed that the lowest MIC and MFC were related to essential oil, petroleum ether extract, methanolic extract, ethanolic extract, and aqueous extract, respectively.

Keywords: Pinus longifolia, Pinus eldarica, essential oil, fruit extracts, antifungal, vulvovaginal candidiasis.

« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Egan ME, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. Am Fam Physician 2000; 62(5): 1095-104.
[PMID: 10997533]
[2]
Hurley R, de Louvois J. Candida vaginitis. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55(647): 645-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.55.647.645] [PMID: 523355]
[3]
Cassone A. Vulvovaginal C andida albicans infections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG 2015; 122(6): 785-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12994] [PMID: 25052208]
[4]
Gaydos CA, Beqaj S, Schwebke JR, et al. Clinical validation of a test for the diagnosis of vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130(1): 181-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002090] [PMID: 28594779]
[5]
Yassin MT, Mostafa AA, Al-Askar AA, Bdeer R. In vitro antifungal resistance profile of Candida strains isolated from Saudi women suffering from vulvovaginitis. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25(1): 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-019-0399-0] [PMID: 31901238]
[6]
Monroy-Pérez E, Paniagua-Contreras GL. Rodríguez-Purata P, et al. High virulence and antifungal resistance in clinical strains of Candida albicans. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2016; 2016.
[7]
Kartnig T, Still F, Reinthaler F. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of young pine shoots (Picea abies L.). J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 35(2): 155-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90067-N] [PMID: 1809821]
[8]
Ioannou E, Koutsaviti A, Tzakou O, Roussis V. The genus Pinus: a comparative study on the needle essential oil composition of 46 pine species. Phytochem Rev 2014; 13(4): 741-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9338-4]
[9]
Zeng WC, Zhang Z, Gao H, Jia LR, He Q. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from pine needle (Cedrus deodara). J Food Sci 2012; 77(7): C824-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02767.x] [PMID: 22757704]
[10]
Ansari MA, Mittal PK, Razdan RK, Sreehari U. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities of Pine (Pinus longifolia, family: Pinaceae) oil. J Vector Borne Dis 2005; 42(3): 95-9.
[PMID: 16294807]
[11]
Kinger H, Dutt K, Saini V, Sheeja E, Gupta V, Deb L. Wound healing activity of Pinus longifolia Roxb. Plant Arch 2006; 6(2): 651-2.
[12]
Ghaffari T, Kafil HS, Asnaashari S, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from the aerial parts of Pinus eldarica grown in Northwestern Iran. Molecules 2019; 24(17): 3203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173203] [PMID: 31484421]
[13]
Jafarian-Dehkordi A, Sarvmeili N, Zolfaghari B. Cytotoxic effects of Pinus eldarica essential oil and extracts on HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11(6): 476-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1735-5362.194887] [PMID: 28003841]
[14]
Bradfield AE, Francis EM, Simonsen JL. 51. The constituents of indian turpentine from Pinus longifolia, roxb. Part III (Continued). J Chem Soc 1934; 188-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jr9340000188]
[15]
Iravani S, Zolfaghari B. Phytochemical analysis of Pinus eldarica bark. Res Pharm Sci 2014; 9(4): 243-50.
[PMID: 25657795]
[16]
Sadeghi AM, Fallah HH, Tajalizadekhoob Y, Mirarefin M, Taheri E, Saeednia S, et al. Determination of phenolic compounds in Pinus eldarica by HPLC. J Med Plant 2014; 13(49)
[17]
Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178(2): 203-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(98)80001-X] [PMID: 9500475]
[18]
Paladine HL, Desai UA. Vaginitis: Diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2018; 97(5): 321-9.
[PMID: 29671516]
[19]
National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Performance standards for antimicrobial disc susceptibility tests Approved Standard ASM-2 Approved Standard ASM-2. Pennsylvania: CLSI 2011; p. 31.
[20]
Kumar DGM. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial potential and. Afr J Biotechnol 2006; 5: 727-31.
[21]
Thomas E, Aneesh T, Thomas D, Anandan R. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the rhizomes of Nervilia aragoana Gaud. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013; 6(3): 68-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.23367]
[22]
Sobel JD. Vulvovaginal candidosis. Lancet 2007; 369(9577): 1961-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60917-9] [PMID: 17560449]
[23]
Makanjuola O, Bongomin F, Fayemiwo S. An update on the roles of non-albicans Candida species in vulvovaginitis. J Fungi 2018; 4(4): 121.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4040121] [PMID: 30384449]
[24]
Tilak R, Kumari V, Banerjee T, Kumar P, Pandey S. Emergence of non-albicans Candida among candidal vulvovaginitis cases and study of their potential virulence factors, from a tertiary care center, North India. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2013; 56(2): 144-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.118703] [PMID: 24056652]
[25]
Locke JB, Almaguer AL, Donatelli JL, Bartizal KF. Time-kill kinetics of rezafungin (CD101) in vagina-simulative medium for fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2018; 2018: 7040498.
[26]
Denning DW, Kneale M, Sobel JD, Rautemaa-Richardson R. Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18(11): e339-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30103-8] [PMID: 30078662]
[27]
Gharaghani M, Ahmadi B, Taheripour Sisakht M, et al. Identification of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in Yasuj southwestern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018; 11(8): e65359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjm.65359]
[28]
Sobel JD, Sobel R. Current treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by azole-resistant Candida species. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19(9): 971-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1476490] [PMID: 29932786]
[29]
Tulasidas S, Rao P, Bhat S, Manipura R. A study on biofilm production and antifungal drug resistance among Candida species from vulvovaginal and bloodstream infections. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11: 2443-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S179462] [PMID: 30538510]
[30]
Hashemi SE, Shokohi T, Abastabar M, Aslani N, Ghadamzadeh M, Haghani I. Species distribution and susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis, emergence of C. lusitaniae. Curr Med Mycol 2019; 5(4): 26-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/cmm.5.4.2062] [PMID: 32104741]
[31]
Ghaddar N, Anastasiadis E, Halimeh R, et al. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans causing vaginal discharge among pregnant women in Lebanon. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20(1): 32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4736-2] [PMID: 31931738]
[32]
El Omari N, Ezzahrae Guaouguaou F, El Menyiy N, et al. Phytochemical and biological activities of Pinus halepensis mill., and their ethnomedicinal use. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 268: 113661.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113661] [PMID: 33276057]
[33]
Radha P, Udhayavani C, Nagaraj R. A comprehensive review of medicinally important gymnosperms mentioned in siddha. J Res Sid Med 2018; 1(1): 23-32.
[34]
Kim H, Lee B, Yun KW. Comparison of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from three Pinus species. Ind Crops Prod 2013; 44: 323-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.026]
[35]
Apetrei L, Spac A, Brebu M, Tuchilus C, Miron A. Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of a full grown tree of Pinus cembra L. from the Calimani mountains (Romania). J Serb Chem Soc 2013; 78(1): 27-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/JSC120409075A]
[36]
Bissa S, Bohra A, Bohra A. Antibacterial potential of three naked-seeded (Gymnosperm) plants. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2008; 7(5): 420-5.
[37]
Assar S, Jafarzadeh A, Mohagheghi M, Bahramabadi R. Antimicrobial effects of Pinus eldarica’s gum and its alcoholic extract on some bacteria of skin infections. J Rafsanjan Uni Med Sci 2005; 4(3): 186-91.
[38]
Sonibare OO, Olakunle K. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Pinus caribaea from Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 2008; 7(14): 2462-4.
[39]
Drebushchak TD. Shmidt ةN, Khan VA, Dubovenko ZV, Kemertlidze EP, Pentegova VA. Terpenoids of the oleoresins of Pinus pityusa and P. eldarica. Chem Nat Compd 1982; 18(3): 291-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580453]
[40]
Nostro A. Germanٍ MP, D’Angelo V, Marino A, Cannatelli MA. Extraction methods and bioautography for evaluation of medicinal plant antimicrobial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2000; 30(5): 379-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00731.x] [PMID: 10792667]
[41]
Hassan A, Amjid I. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric studies of stems essential oil of Pinus roxburghaii and their antibacterial and antifungal activities. J Med Plants Res 2009; 3(9): 670-3.
[42]
Iqbal Z, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Khan SJ, Fatima A, Mehmud S. GC-MS studies of needles essential oils of Pinus roxburghaii and their antimicrobial activity. Pakistan J Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 44: 36-8.
[43]
de Macêdo Andrade AC, Rosalen PL, Freires IA, et al. Antifungal activity, mode of action, docking prediction and anti-biofilm effects of (+)-β-pinene enantiomers against Candida spp. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 18(29): 2481-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666181115103104] [PMID: 30430938]
[44]
Rivera-Yañez C, Terrazas L, Jimenez-Estrada M, et al. Anti- Candida activity of Bursera morelensis Ramirez essential oil and two compounds, α-pinene and γ-terpinene—an in vitro study. Molecules 2017; 22(12): 2095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122095] [PMID: 29206158]
[45]
Sharma C, Al Kaabi JM, Nurulain SM, Goyal SN, Kamal MA, Ojha S. Polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene: a dietary phytocannabinoid of pharmaceutical promise. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22(21): 3237-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160311115226] [PMID: 26965491]
[46]
Hamad YK, Abobakr Y, Salem MZ, Ali HM, Al-Sarar AS, Al-Zabib AA. Activity of plant extracts/essential oils against three plant pathogenic fungi and mosquito larvae: GC/MS analysis of bioactive compounds. BioResources 2019; 14(2): 4489-511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.4489-4511]
[47]
Krauze-Baranowska M, Mardarowicz M, Wiwart M. Pobłocka L, Dynowska M. Antifungal activity of the essential oils from some species of the genus Pinus. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2002; 57(5-6): 478-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2002-5-613] [PMID: 12132688]
[48]
Joshi S, Sati S. Antifungal potential of gymnosperms: A review Microbes: Diversity and Biotechnology Delhi, India: Daya Publishing House 2012; 333-45.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
19
3
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy