摘要
黑素皮质素是原黑素皮质素翻译后裂解形成的微小蛋白质分子。这些是生物活性肽,负责人类和低等动物的色素沉着模式、能量稳态和性功能调节。这些肽通过在中枢神经系统和外周组织中产生来调节许多生理功能。根据最近的研究,黑素皮质素通过结合到一个单独的G蛋白家族,两种主要的蛋白水解酶,原转化酶1和2来引发它们的各种生物效应。这些突破为研究黑素皮质素、拮抗剂和受体在许多生理活动中的作用开辟了新的途径。
关键词: 黑素皮质素受体,刺豚鼠相关肽,原黑素皮质素,黑色素素,色素沉着治疗,黑色素
[1]
Takahashi A, Mizusawa K. Posttranslational modifications of proopiomelanocortin in vertebrates and their biological significance. Front Endocrinol 2013; 4: 143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00143] [PMID: 24146662]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00143] [PMID: 24146662]
[2]
Vazquez-Martinez R, Castaño JP, Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Gracia-Navarro F, Malagon MM. Melanotrope secretory cycle is regulated by physiological inputs via the hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285(5): E1039-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00238.2003] [PMID: 12876074]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00238.2003] [PMID: 12876074]
[3]
a) Switonski M, Mankowska M, Salamon S. Family of melanocortin receptor (MCR) genes in mammals-mutations, polymorphisms and phenotypic effects. J Appl Genet 2013; 54(4): 461-72.;
b) Kobayashi Y, Mizusawa K, Saito Y, Takahashi A. Melanocortin systems on pigment dispersion in fish chromatophores. Front Endocrinol 2012; 3: 9.
b) Kobayashi Y, Mizusawa K, Saito Y, Takahashi A. Melanocortin systems on pigment dispersion in fish chromatophores. Front Endocrinol 2012; 3: 9.
[4]
Nilsson Sköld H, Aspengren S, Wallin M. Rapid color change in fish and amphibians - function, regulation, and emerging applications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26(1): 29-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12040] [PMID: 23082932]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12040] [PMID: 23082932]
[5]
Krude H, Grüters A. Implications of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mutations in humans: the POMC deficiency syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11(1): 15-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00213-1] [PMID: 10652501]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00213-1] [PMID: 10652501]
[6]
Böhm M, Grässel S. Role of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and their receptors in the osteoarticular system: from basic to translational research. Endocr Rev 2012; 33(4): 623-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2011-1016] [PMID: 22736674]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2011-1016] [PMID: 22736674]
[7]
Millington GWM. The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour. Nutr Metab 2007; 4(1): 18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-4-18] [PMID: 17764572]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-4-18] [PMID: 17764572]
[8]
Lin JY, Fisher DE. Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature 2007; 445(7130): 843-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05660] [PMID: 17314970]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05660] [PMID: 17314970]
[9]
Videira IFS, Moura DFL, Magina S. Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis. An Bras Dermatol 2013; 88(1): 76-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962013000100009] [PMID: 23539007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0365-05962013000100009] [PMID: 23539007]
[10]
Healy E. Melanocortin 1 receptor variants, pigmentation, and skin cancer susceptibility. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004; 20(6): 283-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00132.x] [PMID: 15533235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00132.x] [PMID: 15533235]
[11]
Sulem P, Gudbjartsson DF, Stacey SN, et al. Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans. Nat Genet 2007; 39(12): 1443-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2007.13] [PMID: 17952075]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2007.13] [PMID: 17952075]
[12]
Cal L, Suarez-Bregua P, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Braasch I, Rotllant J. Fish pigmentation and the melanocortin system. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 211: 26-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.001] [PMID: 28599948]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.001] [PMID: 28599948]
[13]
a) Wolf Horrell EM, Boulanger MC, D’Orazio JA. Melanocortin 1 receptor: Structure, function, and regulation. Front Genet 2016; 7: 95.
[PMID: 22051769];
b) Mahiques-Santos L. Melanotan. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012; 103(4): 257-9.
[PMID: 22051769];
b) Mahiques-Santos L. Melanotan. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2012; 103(4): 257-9.
[14]
Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J. Use of melanotan I and II in the general population. BMJ 2009; 338(2): b566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b566] [PMID: 19224885]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b566] [PMID: 19224885]
[15]
Ugwu SO, Blanchard J, Dorr RT, et al. Skin pigmentation and pharmacokinetics of melanotan-I in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1997; 18(3): 259-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-081X(199704)18:3<259:AID-BDD20>3.0.CO;2-X] [PMID: 9113347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-081X(199704)18:3<259:AID-BDD20>3.0.CO;2-X] [PMID: 9113347]
[16]
Mallory CW, Lopategui DM, Cordon BH. Melanotan tanning injection: A rare cause of priapism. Sex Med 2021; 9(1)100298
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2020.100298] [PMID: 33460908]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2020.100298] [PMID: 33460908]
[17]
Monge-Roffarello B, Labbe SM, Lenglos C, et al. The medial preoptic nucleus as a site of the thermogenic and metabolic actions of melanotan II in male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307(2): R158-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00059.2014] [PMID: 24808495]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00059.2014] [PMID: 24808495]
[18]
Vergoni AV, Bertolini A, Wikberg JES, Schiöth HB. Selective melanocortin MC4 receptor blockage reduces immobilization stress-induced anorexia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 369(1): 11-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00045-X] [PMID: 10204675]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00045-X] [PMID: 10204675]
[19]
Lim CT, Khoo B. Normal physiology of ACTH and GH release in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in man. In: Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. 2000.
[20]
Patel HB, Montero-Melendez T, Greco KV, Perretti M. Melanocortin receptors as novel effectors of macrophage responses in inflammation. Front Immunol 2011; 2: 41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00041] [PMID: 22566831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00041] [PMID: 22566831]
[21]
Capsoni F, Ongari AM, Reali E, Catania A. Melanocortin peptides inhibit urate crystal-induced activation of phagocytic cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11(5): R151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2827] [PMID: 19814819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar2827] [PMID: 19814819]
[22]
Schaible EV, Steinsträßer A, Jahn-Eimermacher A, et al. Single administration of tripeptide α-MSH(11-13) attenuates brain damage by reduced inflammation and apoptosis after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8(8)e71056
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071056] [PMID: 23940690]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071056] [PMID: 23940690]
[23]
Gantz I, Fong TM. The melanocortin system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 284(3): E468-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00434.2002] [PMID: 12556347]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00434.2002] [PMID: 12556347]
[24]
Kang L, McIntyre KW, Gillooly KM, et al. A selective small molecule agonist of the melanocortin-1 receptor inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine accumulation and leukocyte infiltration in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80(4): 897-904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1204748] [PMID: 16888084]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1204748] [PMID: 16888084]
[25]
Leoni G, Voisin M-B, Carlson K, Getting SJ, Nourshargh S, Perretti M. The melanocortin MC1 receptor agonist BMS-470539 inhibits leucocyte trafficking in the inflamed vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160(1): 171-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00688.x] [PMID: 20331604]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00688.x] [PMID: 20331604]
[26]
Getting SJ, Christian HC, Flower RJ, Perretti M. Activation of melanocortin type 3 receptor as a molecular mechanism for adrenocorticotropic hormone efficacy in gouty arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(10): 2765-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.10526] [PMID: 12384937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.10526] [PMID: 12384937]
[27]
Taketoshi O, Shigeyuki C. Melanocortin-4 receptor antagonists for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 2007; 7(11): 1145-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802607780906618] [PMID: 17584135]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802607780906618] [PMID: 17584135]
[28]
Chaki S, Ogawa S, Toda Y, Funakoshi T, Okuyama S. Involvement of the melanocortin MC4 receptor in stress-related behavior in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 474(1): 95-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02033-8] [PMID: 12909200]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02033-8] [PMID: 12909200]
[29]
MacNeil DJ, Howard AD, Guan X, et al. The role of melanocortins in body weight regulation: Opportunities for the treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 450(1): 93-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01989-1] [PMID: 12176114]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01989-1] [PMID: 12176114]
[30]
Kühnen P, Krude H, Biebermann H. Melanocortin-4 receptor signalling: Importance for weight regulation and obesity treatment. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25(2): 136-48.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.002] [PMID: 30642682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.002] [PMID: 30642682]
[31]
Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol 2019; 241(1): R1-R33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0596] [PMID: 30812013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0596] [PMID: 30812013]
[32]
Ayers KL, Glicksberg BS, Garfield AS, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor pathway dysfunction in obesity: Patient stratification aimed at MC4R agonist treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103(7): 2601-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00258] [PMID: 29726959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00258] [PMID: 29726959]
[33]
Crovesy L, Rosado EL. Interaction between genes involved in energy intake regulation and diet in obesity. Nutrition 2019; •••: 67-68110547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.027] [PMID: 31472367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.06.027] [PMID: 31472367]
[34]
Krashes MJ, Lowell BB, Garfield AS. Melanocortin-4 receptor–regulated energy homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19(2): 206-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4202] [PMID: 26814590]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4202] [PMID: 26814590]
[35]
Mul JD, Spruijt BM, Brakkee JH, Adan RAH. Melanocortin MC4 receptor-mediated feeding and grooming in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719(1-3): 192-201.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.060] [PMID: 23872405]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.060] [PMID: 23872405]
[36]
Ückert S, Bannowsky A, Albrecht K, Kuczyk MA. Melanocortin receptor agonists in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunctions: Results from basic research and clinical studies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23(11): 1477-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2014.934805] [PMID: 25096243]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2014.934805] [PMID: 25096243]
[37]
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al. Bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 134(5): 899-908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500] [PMID: 31599840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500] [PMID: 31599840]
[38]
Faulkner LD, Dowling AR, Stuart RC, Nillni EA, Hill JW. Reduced melanocortin production causes sexual dysfunction in male mice with POMC neuronal insulin and leptin insensitivity. Endocrinology 2015; 156(4): 1372-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1788] [PMID: 25590244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1788] [PMID: 25590244]
[39]
Carl S, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem 2007; 7(11): 1137-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802607780906681] [PMID: 17584134]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802607780906681] [PMID: 17584134]