Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

当代阿耳茨海默病研究

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in English
Review Article

处于关注焦点的撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区和尼日利亚妇女中的糖尿病和痴呆症

卷 19, 期 2, 2022

页: [161 - 170] 页: 10

弟呕挨: 10.2174/1567205018666211116093747

价格: $65

conference banner
摘要

在未来几年，糖尿病（DM）的患病率预计将在全球范围内大幅上升，但大多数病例将发生在中低收入国家。糖尿病的一些主要风险因素加速了非裔美国人痴呆症的发展，从而导致痴呆症的发病率高于高加索人。撒哈拉以南非洲地区妇女的痴呆症患病率不成比例地增加了二到八倍。在关注焦点中，尼日利亚是非洲大陆糖尿病患者人数最多的国家，其患病率与肥胖、高血压和人口老龄化同时上升。正如发达国家公认的那样，对于尼日利亚的医疗保健系统而言，糖尿病和痴呆症发病率上升引起的社会经济影响将是巨大和不可持续的。在这里，我们分析了尼日利亚妇女的健康现状，并探讨了未来的前景和方向。尼日利亚妇女糖尿病和痴呆症复杂相互作用的相关因素包括关键生物因子（代谢综合征、血管损伤、炎症、氧化应激、胰岛素抵抗）、营养习惯、生活方式和贫血，这些因素会随着并发症的加重而恶化。此外，由于资源有限、缺乏知名度和管理不善导致痛苦的延续，增加了尼日利亚妇女从青年到老年的疾病风险和负担。为了实现可持续发展目标，迫切需要制定卫生政策，提高心理健康专业人员人数与患者人数之间的比例，主要在农村地区，建立积极主动的初级保健中心，以及采取针对青少年和成年妇女以及其他特定母婴对的干预措施。

关键词: 糖尿病，痴呆症，风险因素，LMIC，撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区，妇女，卫生政策

« Previous Next »
[1]
Mietlicki-Baase EG. Amylin in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathological peptide or potential treatment? Neuropharmacology 2018; 136(Pt B): 287-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.016] [PMID: 29233636]
[2]
Palacios-Mendoza M, Jurado MB, Gamboa X, et al. Diabetes Is Associated with Cognitive Decline in Middle-Aged Patients. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16(10): 514-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/met.2018.0014]
[3]
Simó R, Ciudin A, Simó-Servat O, Hernández C. Cognitive impairment and dementia: A new emerging complication of type 2 diabetes-The diabetologist’s perspective. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54(5): 417-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00592-017-0970-5] [PMID: 28210868]
[4]
Matioli MNPDS, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, et al. Association between diabetes and causes of dementia: Evidence from a clinicopathological study. Dement Neuropsychol 2017; 11(4): 406-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040010] [PMID: 29354221]
[5]
Research and Markets. Dementia with Diabetes - Epidemiology Forecast-2030. Ed. Research and Markets, Dublin, Ireland. Available from: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/ reports/5129086/dementia-with-diabetes-epidemiology-forecast-to (Accessed September 11, 2020)
[6]
IDF Diabetes Atlas, Seventh Edition Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/previous/files/7/IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%207th.pdf
[7]
Corfield, S. Women & dementia: A global challenge. London; Global Alzheimer’s and Dementia Action Alliance. Available from: https://www.gadalliance.org/report-women-dementia-a- global-challenge/ (Accessed September 11, 2020)
[8]
Chen C, Zissimopoulos JM. Racial and ethnic differences in trends in dementia prevalence and risk factors in the United States. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2018; 4(1): 510-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.08.009] [PMID: 30364652]
[9]
Adeloye D, Ige JO, Aderemi AV, et al. Estimating the prevalence, hospitalisation and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7(5): e015424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015424] [PMID: 28495817]
[10]
George-Carey R, Adeloye D, Chan KY, et al. An estimate of the prevalence of dementia in Africa: A systematic analysis. J Glob Health 2012; 2(2): 020401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7189/jogh.02.020401] [PMID: 23289076]
[11]
McFerson H. Poverty Among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Selected Issues. J Int Womens Stud 2010; 11(4): 50-72.
[12]
Anyanwu JC. Poverty in Nigeria: A Gendered Analysis. Afr Stat J 2010; 11: 38-61.
[13]
Bailey SL, Ayles H, Beyers N, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Zambia and the Western Cape province of South Africa: Prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis and management. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 118: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.05.001] [PMID: 27485851]
[14]
Oghagbon EK, Giménez-Llort L. Short height and poor education increase the risk of dementia in Nigerian type 2 diabetic women. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2019; 11(1): 493-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2019.05.006] [PMID: 31334329]
[15]
Preux PM, Guerchet M, Epidemca . Epidemiolocy of dementia in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull Acad Natl Med 2015; 199(7): 1187-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4079(19)30858-1] [PMID: 29879338]
[16]
Adeloye D, Auta A, Ezejimofor M, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Nigeria: A systematic review of the evidence. J Glob Health Rep 2019; 3: e2019014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.29392/joghr.3.e2019014] [PMID: 31528708]
[17]
Guerchet M, M’belesso P, Mouanga AM, et al. Prevalence of dementia in elderly living in two cities of Central Africa: The EDAC survey. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 30(3): 261-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000320247] [PMID: 20847557]
[18]
Mavrodaris A, Powell J, Thorogood M. Prevalences of dementia and cognitive impairment among older people in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91(10): 773-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.118422] [PMID: 24115801]
[19]
Rocca WA. Time, sex, gender, history, and dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2017; 31(1): 76-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000187] [PMID: 28169841]
[20]
Kunkle BW, Schmidt M, Klein H-U, et al. Novel Alzheimer Disease Risk Loci and Pathways in African American Individuals Using the African Genome Resources Panel: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78(1): 102-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3536] [PMID: 33074286]
[21]
Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L. Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7(5): e1117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.90] [PMID: 28463236]
[22]
Cox SR, Ritchie SJ, Dickie DA, et al. Interaction of APOE e4 and poor glycemic control predicts white matter hyperintensity growth from 73 to 76. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 54: 54-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.014] [PMID: 28324763]
[23]
Ronquillo JG, Baer MR, Lester WT. Sex-specific patterns and differences in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease using informatics approaches. J Women Aging 2016; 28(5): 403-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2015.1018038] [PMID: 27105335]
[24]
Arum KC, Nnanyelu NJ, Ugah TE, Oranye HE. Statistical study of life expectancy of male and female children at birth in some selected African countries. African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 2019; 2(1): 1-9.
[25]
Husaini B, Gudlavalleti AS, Cain V, Levine R, Moonis M. Risk factors and hospitalization costs of Dementia patients: Examining race and gender variations. Indian journal of community medicine: Official publication of Indian Association of Preventive &. Soc Med (Soc Med Publ Group) 2015; 40(4): 258.
[26]
Bickett A, Tapp H. Anxiety and diabetes: Innovative approaches to management in primary care. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241(15): 1724-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370216657613] [PMID: 27390262]
[27]
Forsberg JM, Flores AM, Plec AA, Vincent SK, Hartos JL. Relations between diabetes status, comorbid conditions, and current mental health in older adult females. Ment Health (Lond) 2018; 13: 715-9.
[28]
Aregbeshola BS, Khan SM. Out-of-Pocket Payments, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Poverty Among Households in Nigeria 2010. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7(9): 798-806.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.19] [PMID: 30316228]
[29]
Makama GY. Patriarchy and gender inequality in Nigeria: The way forward. Eur Sci J 2013; 9(17): 115-44.
[30]
Ogunlela YI, Mukhtar AA. Gender issues in agriculture and rural development in Nigeria: The role of women. Humanity & Social Sciences Journal 2009; 4(1): 19-30.
[31]
Nelson EE. Democracy and the struggle for political empowerment of women in Nigeria. Int’ l J. Advanced Legal Stud. &. Governance (Oxford) 2012; 3: 85.
[32]
Sheen YJ, Sheu WH. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 116(38): 279-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.004] [PMID: 27321346]
[33]
Redondo MT, Reales JM, Ballesteros S. Implicit and explicit memory in old people without dementia but metabolic disorders induced by DM2. Psicologica (Valencia) 2010; 31(1): 87-108. [Memoria implícita y explícita en mayores no dementes con trastornos metabólicos producidos por la diabetes mellitus tipo 2].
[34]
Waragai M, Adame A, Trinh I, et al. Possible involvement of adiponectin, the anti-diabetes molecule, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 52(4): 1453-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-151116] [PMID: 27079710]
[35]
Kimura N. Diabetes mellitus induces Alzheimer’s disease pathology: Histopathological evidence from animal models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17(4): 503.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040503] [PMID: 27058526]
[36]
Stanley M, Macauley SL, Holtzman DM. Changes in insulin and insulin signaling in Alzheimer’s disease: Cause or consequence? J Exp Med 2016; 213(8): 1375-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160493] [PMID: 27432942]
[37]
Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, et al. Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369(6): 540-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215740] [PMID: 23924004]
[38]
Hendrie HC. Lessons learned from international comparative crosscultural studies on dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14(6): 480-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1064-7481(12)61668-6] [PMID: 16731716]
[39]
Payami H, Zareparsi S, Montee KR, et al. Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: A possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58(4): 803-11.
[PMID: 8644745]
[40]
Rippon GA, Tang MX, Lee JH, Lantigua R, Medrano M, Mayeux R. Familial Alzheimer disease in Latinos: Interaction between APOE, stroke, and estrogen replacement. Neurology 2006; 66(1): 35-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000191300.38571.3e] [PMID: 16401842]
[41]
Rajabli F, Feliciano BE, Celis K, et al. Ancestral origin of ApoE ε4 Alzheimer disease risk in Puerto Rican and African American populations. PLoS Genet 2018; 14(12): e1007791.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007791] [PMID: 30517106]
[42]
Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G. The metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2007; 64(1): 93-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.1.93] [PMID: 17210814]
[43]
Muller M, Tang MX, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Metabolic syndrome and dementia risk in a multiethnic elderly cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 24(3): 185-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000105927] [PMID: 17641531]
[44]
Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Capurso C, et al. Metabolic syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32(11): 1932-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.12.012] [PMID: 20045217]
[45]
Jervase E, Barnabas D, Emeka AG, Osondu N. Sex differences and relationship between blood pressure and age among the Ibos Of Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology 2009; 3
[46]
Okubadejo NU, Ozoh OB, Ojo OO, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure profile amongst urban-dwelling adults in Nigeria: A comparative analysis based on recent guideline recommendations. Clin Hypertens 2019; 25(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40885-019-0112-1] [PMID: 31016027]
[47]
Li J, Cesari M, Liu F, Dong B, Vellas B. Effects of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease: A systematic review. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41(1): 114-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.07.003] [PMID: 27614804]
[48]
Hoscheidt SM, Kellawan JM, Berman SE, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with lower arterial blood flow and reduced cortical perfusion in cognitively asymptomatic middle-aged adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37(6): 2249-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16663214] [PMID: 27488909]
[49]
Martínez-Lazcano JC, Boll-Woehrlen MC, Hernández-Melesio MA, Rubio-Osornio M. Sánchez- Mendoza MA, Ríos C. Free radicals and oxidative stres in neurodegenerative disorders [Radicales libres y estrés oxidativo en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Mensaje Bioquim 2010; 34: 43-59.
[50]
Neergaard JS, Dragsbæk K, Christiansen C, et al. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and cognitive dysfunction: Does your metabolic profile affect your brain? Diabetes 2017; 66(7): 1957-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db16-1444] [PMID: 28389469]
[51]
Bello AB, Bello TO, Aremu AA, Adetiloye VA. Normal Cerebral Blood Flow Volume in Healthy Nigerian Adults. Br J Med Med Res 2016; 17(2): 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2016/25801]
[52]
Smith LA, Melbourne A, Owen D, et al. Cortical cerebral blood flow in ageing: Effects of haematocrit, sex, ethnicity and diabetes. Eur Radiol 2019; 29(10): 5549-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06096-w] [PMID: 30887200]
[53]
Adegoke O, Ozoh OB, Odeniyi IA, et al. Prevalence of obesity and an interrogation of the correlation between anthropometric indices and blood pressures in urban Lagos, Nigeria. Sci Rep 2021; 11(1): 3522.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83055-w] [PMID: 33568712]
[54]
Gabbouj S, Ryhänen S, Marttinen M, et al. Altered Insulin Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain - Special Emphasis on PI3K-Akt Pathway. Front Neurosci 2019; 13: 629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00629] [PMID: 31275108]
[55]
Guilbaud A, Niquet-Leridon C, Boulanger E, Tessier FJ. How Can Diet Affect the Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Human Body? Foods 2016; 5(4): 84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods5040084] [PMID: 28231179]
[56]
Aljada A, Mohanty P, Ghanim H, et al. Increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and decrease in inhibitor kappaB in mononuclear cells after a mixed meal: Evidence for a proinflammatory effect. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79(4): 682-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/79.4.682] [PMID: 15051615]
[57]
Byun K, Yoo Y, Son M, et al. Advanced glycation end-products produced systemically and by macrophages: A common contributor to inflammation and degenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177: 44-55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.030] [PMID: 28223234]
[58]
Baeta-Corral R, Castro-Fuentes R, Giménez-Llort L. Sexual Dimorphism in the Behavioral Responses and the Immunoendocrine Status in d-Galactose-Induced Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73(9): 1147-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly031] [PMID: 29471511]
[59]
Aragno M, Mastrocola R. Dietary sugars and endogenous formation of advanced glycation endproducts: Emerging mechanisms of disease. Nutrients 2017; 9(4): 385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9040385] [PMID: 28420091]
[60]
Brings S, Fleming T, Freichel M, Muckenthaler MU, Herzig S, Nawroth PP. Dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end-products in the development of diabetic complications and targets for intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18(5): 984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050984] [PMID: 28475116]
[61]
Pertynska-Marczewska M, Merhi Z. Relationship of Advanced Glycation End Products With Cardiovascular Disease in Menopausal Women. Reprod Sci 2015; 22(7): 774-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719114549845] [PMID: 25228634]
[62]
Giménez-Llort L, García Y, Buccieri K, et al. Gender-Specific Neuroimmunoendocrine Response to Treadmill Exercise in 3xTg-AD Mice. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010: 128354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/128354] [PMID: 20981262]
[63]
García-Mesa Y, López-Ramos JC, Giménez-Llort L, et al. Physical exercise protects against Alzheimer’s disease in 3xTg-AD mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 24(3): 421-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-101635] [PMID: 21297257]
[64]
Ragy MM, Kamal NN. Linking senile dementia to type 2 diabetes: Role of oxidative stress markers, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α. Neurol Res 2017; 39(7): 587-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1312773] [PMID: 28393627]
[65]
Oghagbon E, Harbige LS, Valdes-Ramos R, Guadarrama-Lopez AL. Circulating cytokines and phospholipid fatty acids in African Nigerian type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Nutr Metab 2017; 71: 31-79.
[66]
Norambuena A, Wallrabe H, McMahon L, et al. mTOR and neuronal cell cycle reentry: How impaired brain insulin signaling promotes Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13(2): 152-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.08.015] [PMID: 27693185]
[67]
Jeong SM, Shin DW, Lee JE, Hyeon JH, Lee J, Kim S. Anemia is associated with incidence of dementia: A national health screening study in Korea involving 37,900 persons. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9(1): 94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0322-2] [PMID: 29212527]
[68]
Wedlund L, Kvedar J, Layman W. Anticipating and treating dementia: Lessons hidden in plain sight. NPJ Digit Med 2020; 3(1): 153.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00359-3] [PMID: 33299106]
[69]
Wolters FJ, Zonneveld HI, Licher S, et al. Hemoglobin and anemia in relation to dementia risk and accompanying changes on brain MRI. Neurology 2019; 93(9): e917-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008003] [PMID: 31366722]
[70]
Andro M, Le Squere P, Estivin S, Gentric A. Anaemia and cognitive performances in the elderly: A systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20(9): 1234-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.12175] [PMID: 23647493]
[71]
AlDallal SM, Jena N. Prevalence of Anemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Hematol (Brossard) 2018; 7(2): 57-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh411w] [PMID: 32300413]
[72]
Tussing-Humphreys L, Braunschweig C. Anemia in postmenopausal women: Dietary inadequacy or nondietary factors? J Am Diet Assoc 2011; 111(4): 528-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.006] [PMID: 21443984]
[73]
Ogunsakin RE, Akinyemi O, Babalola BT, Adetoro G. Spatial pattern and determinants of anemia among women of childbearing age in Nigeria. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol 2021; 36: 100396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2020.100396] [PMID: 33509424]
[74]
Egbewale BE, Akindele AA, Adedokun SA, Oyekale OA. Prevalence of asymptomaticmalaria and anaemia among elderly population in Osun state Southwestern, Nigeria. Int J Community Med Public Health 2018; 5(7): 2650-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182449]
[75]
Kagu MB, Mshelia DS. Anaemia in patients with diabetes mellitus attending regular diabetic outpatient clinic in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Niger J Health Biomed Sci 2005; 4(1): 1-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njhbs.v4i1.11527]
[76]
Awofisoye OI, Adeleye JO, Olaniyi JA, Esan A. Prevalence and correlates of anemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study of a Nigerian outpatient diabetic population. Sahel Med J 2019; 22: 55-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_65_18]
[77]
Feteh VF, Choukem SP, Kengne AP, Nebongo DN, Ngowe-Ngowe M. Anemia in type 2 diabetic patients and correlation with kidney function in a tertiary care sub-Saharan African hospital: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17(1): 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0247-1] [PMID: 26994993]
[78]
Jenkins R. Supporting governments to adopt mental health policies. World Psychiatry 2003; 2(1): 14-9.
[PMID: 16946880]
[79]
Stenberg K, Axelson H, Sheehan P, et al. Advancing social and economic development by investing in women’s and children’s health: A new Global Investment Framework. Lancet 2014; 383(9925): 1333-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62231-X] [PMID: 24263249]
[80]
UN Women. Women and the sustainable development goals (SDGs), 2020 Available from: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
40
1
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy