Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Research Article

PCR Detection and Sequencing of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women with Suspected Vaginitis in Southwestern Iran

Author(s): Abdollah Rafiei, Khatereh Safaie, Mehdi Tavalla* and Mahin Najafian

Volume 21, Issue 2, 2021

Published on: 19 February, 2020

Page: [262 - 267] Pages: 6

DOI: 10.2174/1871526520666200219110430

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
conference banner
Abstract

Introduction: The human being is considered a natural host for Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), which causes trichomoniasis, the most frequent non-viral sexually transmitted infectious disease in the world. The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and sequencing of T. vaginalis in women with vaginitis.

Methods: In the current research, 514 vaginal discharge samples were obtained from women with vaginitis. The specimens were evaluated by the direct wet mount examination, Dorset culture medium, and PCR technique. Primers were designed for the detection of TVK3/TVK7, TVA5/TVA6 genes specific for the identification of T. vaginalis. The PCR-positive samples were sequenced and compared with the sequences registered in the GenBank database.

Results: Among the collected samples, 30 (5.83%), 45 (8.75%), 90 (17.50%), and 62 (12.06%) cases were positive for T. vaginalis when assayed by the direct wet mount examination, Dorset culture medium, and PCR technique (TVK3/TVK7, TVA5/TVA6 genes), respectively. There was no significant relationship between trichomoniasis and demographic characteristics of women, such as age, occupational status, mode of delivery, number of deliveries, educational level, and contraceptive methods (p˃0.05). The range of vaginal pH was between 5-7 in women with vaginitis, and there was a significant statistical correlation between the pH values and the infection rate (p<0.05). The PCR-positive samples had 100% sequence homology with the reference sequence in the GenBank database (accession number L23861.1).

Conclusion: This study confirmed a relatively high prevalence of T. vaginalis in the southwestern region of Iran. According to our results, the PCR method, especially detecting TVK3/TVK7 genes, was more sensitive than the direct wet mount examination and Dorset culture medium methods.

Keywords: Prevalence, dorset culture medium, PCR, Trichomonas vaginalis, sequencing, vaginalis.

Graphical Abstract

[1]
Hezarjaribi, H.Z.; Fakhar, M.; Shokri, A.; Teshnizi, S.H.; Sadough, A.; Taghavi, M. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Iranian general population of women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol. Res., 2015, 114(4), 1291-1300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4393-3] [PMID: 25732256]
[2]
Crucitti, T.; Van Dyck, E.; Tehe, A.; Abdellati, S.; Vuylsteke, B.; Buve, A.; Laga, M. Comparison of culture and different PCR assays for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in self collected vaginal swab specimens. Sex. Transm. Infect., 2003, 79(5), 393-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.5.393] [PMID: 14573835]
[3]
Cotch, M.F.; Pastorek, J.G., II; Nugent, R.P.; Hillier, S.L.; Gibbs, R.S.; Martin, D.H.; Eschenbach, D.A.; Edelman, R.; Carey, J.C.; Regan, J.A.; Krohn, M.A.; Klebanoff, M.A.; Rao, A.V.; Rhoads, G.G. Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery. Sex. Transm. Dis., 1997, 24(6), 353-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199707000-00008] [PMID: 9243743]
[4]
Cates, W., Jr; Joesoef, M.R.; Goldman, M.B. Atypical pelvic inflammatory disease: can we identify clinical predictors? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1993, 169(2 Pt 1), 341-346.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(93)90085-W] [PMID: 8362945]
[5]
Laga, M.; Manoka, A.; Kivuvu, M.; Malele, B.; Tuliza, M.; Nzila, N.; Goeman, J.; Behets, F.; Batter, V.; Alary, M. Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS, 1993, 7(1), 95-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199301000-00015] [PMID: 8442924]
[6]
Gilbert, R.O.; Elia, G.; Beach, D.H.; Klaessig, S.; Singh, B.N. Cytopathogenic effect of Trichomonas vaginalis on human vaginal epithelial cells cultured in vitro. Infect. Immun., 2000, 68(7), 4200-4206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.7.4200-4206.2000] [PMID: 10858237]
[7]
Bachmann, L.H.; Lewis, I.; Allen, R.; Schwebke, J.R.; Leviton, L.C.; Siegal, H.A.; Hook, E.W., III Risk and prevalence of treatable sexually transmitted diseases at a Birmingham substance abuse treatment facility. Am. J. Public Health, 2000, 90(10), 1615-1618.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.10.1615] [PMID: 11029998]
[8]
Bachmann, L.H.; Hobbs, M.M.; Seña, A.C.; Sobel, J.D.; Schwebke, J.R.; Krieger, J.N. Trichomonas vaginalis genital infections: progress and challenges. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2011, 53(suppl_3), S160-S72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir705]
[9]
Heine, P.; McGregor, J.A. Trichomonas vaginalis: a reemerging pathogen. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 1993, 36(1), 137-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199303000-00019] [PMID: 8435938]
[10]
Nazari, N.; Zangeneh, M.; Moradi, F.; Bozorgomid, A. Prevalence of trichomoniasis among women in kermanshah, iran. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 2015, 17(3), e23617.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.23617] [PMID: 26019904]
[11]
Lin, P.R.; Shaio, M.F.; Liu, J.Y. One-tube, nested-PCR assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharges. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1997, 91(1), 61-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1997.11813112] [PMID: 9093430]
[12]
Riley, D.E.; Roberts, M.C.; Takayama, T.; Krieger, J.N. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1992, 30(2), 465-472.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.30.2.465-472.1992] [PMID: 1537918]
[13]
Draper, D.; Parker, R.; Patterson, E.; Jones, W.; Beutz, M.; French, J.; Borchardt, K.; McGregor, J. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women with the InPouch TV culture system. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1993, 31(4), 1016-1018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.31.4.1016-1018.1993] [PMID: 8463382]
[14]
Safi, M.; Tavalla, M.; Mardani, M.; Afrisham, R. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among applicants for health cards attending Ahvaz East Health Center during 2012–2013. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2016, 6(2), 151-154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)61002-7]
[15]
Akinbo, F.; Oronsaye, I. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent girls in some secondary schools in Benin city, Edo state, Nigeria. Afr. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol., 2018, 18(4), 223-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v18i4.7]
[16]
Dormohammadi, M.; Golmakani, N. Comparison of clinical and laboratory methods for diagnosis of vaginal trichomonial infection. IJOGI, 2012, 15(6), 22-30.
[17]
Bahram, A.; Hamid, B.; Zohre, T. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and impact of genital hygiene practices in non-pregnant women in zanjan, iran. Oman Med. J., 2009, 24(4), 288-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5001/omj.2009.58] [PMID: 22216382]
[18]
Majid, M.R.; Pahlavia, K. A survey of the prevalence of vaginitis and vaginosis common microbial factors in outpatients and bedridden patients in north of Iran during 2007–2008. Int. J. Urol., 2010, 17, A157-A8.
[19]
Valadkhani, Z.; Assmar, M.; Hassan, N.; Aghighi, Z.; Amirkhani, A.; Kazemi, F. The prevalence of trichomoniasis in high-risk behavior women attending the clinics of tehran province penitentiaries. Iran. J. Med. Sci., 2015, 35(3), 190-194.
[20]
Miranda, A.E.; Pinto, V.M.; Gaydos, C.A. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among young pregnant women in Brazil. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 2014, 18(6), 669-671.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.07.002] [PMID: 25181400]
[21]
Etminan Rad, S.; Bokaii, M. Investigation of Trichomoniasis infection in women referred to clinic of gynaecology and hygienic centers of Yazd, 2006. Sci J Health., 2007, 2, 14-20.
[22]
Nazari, N.; Rahimi, M.; Bayat, E. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in diabetic females. MLJ, 2014, 8(3), 110-113.
[23]
Ziaei Hezarjaribi, H.; Dalimi, A.; Ghasemi, M.; Ghafari, R.; Esmaeili, S.; Armat, S. Prevalence of common sexually transmitted diseases among women referring for pap smear in Sari, Iran. Majallah-i Danishgah-i Ulum-i Pizishki-i Mazandaran, 2013, 22(1), 19-24.
[24]
Rabiee, S.; Fallah, M.; Zahabi, F. Frequency of Trichomoniasis in Patients Admitted To Outpatient Clinics in Hamadan (2007) and Relationship between Clinical Diag-nosis and Laboratory Findings. J. Res. Health Sci., 2010, 10(1), 31-35.
[PMID: 22911914]
[25]
Baghaei, M.; Memarzadeh, Z. Prevalence of trichomoniasis in women: Isfahan 1995. J. Res. Med. Sci., 2001, 6(2)
[26]
Badparva, E.; Ali, P.O.; Kheirandish, F.; Pornia, Y.; Azizi, M.; Sensitivity assessment of direct method for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in comparison with Dorset Culture media. 2010.
[27]
Gavgani, A-S.M.; Namazi, A.; Ghazanchaei, A.; Alizadeh, S.; Sehhati, F.; Rostamzadeh, S. Prevalence and risk factors of trichomoniasis among women in Tabriz. Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 3(2), 67-71.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy